2026-10-14T04:54:27Z https://gmsrjournal.com/oai/?metadataPrefix=oai_dc&verb=ListRecords

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393374 2016-12-30 gmsr

The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employees' Organizational Commitment: The Central Role of Organizational Identification Sangeen Khan Syed Mohsin Ali Shah Muhammad Asad Khan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Employee’s Organizational Commitment (EOC) Employees Organizational Identification (EOI) Social-Identity theory Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Confi This study investigates the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee’s Organizational commitment with the mediation of Employee's Organizational Identification. All the hypothesis and inferences are drawn upon Social Identity theory and Self-Categorization theory. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 207 employees of the telecommunication industry. This data was further sorted and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Mediation of employee's organizational commitment was tested by using the bootstrapping method and the guidelines provided by Preacher and Hayes. Results showed that there is both a direct and indirect relationship of CSR with Employee's organizational commitment through Employee's Organisational Identification, thus supporting the entire hypothesis proposed for this study. Furthermore, managerial implications as well as limitations of this study are also stated at the end. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Business Studies & Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-corporate-social-responsibility-on-employees-organizational-commitment-the-central-role-of-organizational-identification https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2016(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393375 2017-12-30 gmsr

Impact of Training on Office Staff Performance: Mediating Role of Satisfaction a.. Afraseyab Khattak Muhammad Adnan Training Staff Performance Work Institutions The achievements and success of any organization depends on the standard of its human resources.Training programs is a powerful tool between the practices of Human resource management that helpto develop skill and knowledge of the staff in an institution. This research study examines that theimpact of training on office staff performance on clerical staff performance in a higher educationinstitution in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Moreover, the study also finds whether S and WM mediate therelationship among training and office staff performance. Through the analysis of 108 responses ofselected sample of clerical staff; its shows that there is a strong and significant relationship betweentraining and office staff performance. The result of the regression analysis shows that there is apositive impact of training on performance of office staff. The results of the mediation analysis suggestthat the training and office staff performance is mediated by both possible mediator's satisfaction andwork motivation. The data were obtained from this research, can be used for Human resourcedepartments to more understand and identify the importance of training practices for the office staffin higher institution. Due to this, it can help the education institutions to enhance their staffperformance by improving their job skill and knowledge. Humanity Publications Research Assistant, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, PK, Pakistan. The University of Agriculture Peshawar, PK, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-training-on-office-staff-performance-mediating-role-of-satisfaction-and-motivation https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393376 2018-12-30 gmsr

Chinese Interests in Pakistan: A Study in Regional Perspective Muhammad Amir Muhammad Rizwan Saira Bano China Pakistan National Interests Geo-Strategic CPEC BRI Gwadar The present study is an effort to analyze the mode and intensity of Chinese interests in Pakistan. By examining the policy of pursuit in finding another market in the region, the study aims to understand the current warmth of the relationship between China and Pakistan. Although maintaining a perpetually friendly relationship with China has always been a cornerstone of Pakistan’s foreign policy, yet strengthening this relationship into a structured partnership remained a gradual process in the light of their mutual interests. In the politics of international relations, the relationship between countries is a complex interaction of pragmatic national interests, which are multifaceted and could take an alternate course with changing regional and international scenarios. As both Pakistan and China share many common political, economic and strategic interests due to which both are giving their utmost priority to protect their interests related to the other. This paper will investigate the situation where it is commonly believed that China is inevitable by avoiding the vice-versa. No doubt common threats and challenges faced by both the nation is the major cause to unite them in terms of security, political, economic and strategic fronts. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/chinese-interests-in-pakistan-a-study-in-regional-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2018(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393377 2018-12-30 gmsr

Impact of Sustainability Approaches on Organizational Economic Performance: Intervening Role of Quality and Innovative Performance Afraseyab Khattak Sajid Rahman Khattak Sustainability Practices Quality Performance Innovative Performance Organizational Performance Banking The idea of corporate sustainability practices has received a lot of attention from management analysts and scholars because it has been shown to have a positive effect on organizational performance. The aim of this study was to find whether QP and IP mediates the relationship between sustainability practices and organizational economic performance. To investigate the specified relationship, Purposive sampling was used to select 227 employees from the banking to participate in this study. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire with a five-point Likert-type scale. Instrument validity was measured through exploratory factor analysis, and instrument reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha. Regression analysis was used to test the research hypotheses, and for indirect effect mediation analysis was used. according to regression analysis, Sustainability exploration and exploitation have a significant and positive relationship with organizational economic performance. The results of the mediation analysis suggest that the relationship between the sustainability practices and organizational economic performance is mediated by both quality and innovative performance. The study found that the ability to survive in this competitive environment, businesses must change their concentration from short-term benefits to long-term sustainable benefits. Humanity Publications Research Assistant, The University of Agriculture Peshawarm KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, The University of Agriculture Peshawarm KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-sustainability-approaches-on-organizational-economic-performance-intervening-role-of-quality-and-innovative-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2018(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393378 2018-12-30 gmsr

A Systematic Inquiry of Media Efficacy in Pakistan with Respect to Government Accountability Ahsan Ullah Azmat Ali Shah Conventional Media New Media Accountability Political Parties This research article was intended for finding the role of media in fostering government accountability in Pakistan. Furthermore, the mediating role of political parties was also checked through mediation analysis. This study utilized the information brought together through a structured adapted questionnaire among the participants of this study chosen through probability sampling technique from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It was revealed that through the analysis of the primary data that there is a considerable association found between media and government accountability. Furthermore, it was also proved that the media could significantly predict accountability. The data also revealed that people believed that political parties have a significant mediating role between media and government accountability. This study concluded that the media revolution in the advent of new kinds of media, conventional and non-conventional, has also had a profound impact on government accountability. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University, D.I.Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Qurtuba University, D.I.Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/a-systematic-inquiry-of-media-efficacy-in-pakistan-with-respect-to-government-accountability https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2018(III-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393379 2019-12-30 gmsr

Examining Etiological Connection between Antisocial Behavior and Moral Disengagement: Evidence from Tourism & Hospitality Sector Amna Tariq Shahzad Khurram Amir Ishaque Moral Disengagement Anti-Social Behavior Ethical Orientation Ethical Leadership It is estimated that by 2025, tourism & hospitality sector will contribute US$7.1 billion (₨ 1 trillion) to the economy of Pakistan. However, one can only attach such high hopes to this sector when human resource in this sector displays prosocial behavior to both domestic and foreign tourists. The objective of the study is to examine the level of antisocial behavior of the managers working in this sector and test its relationship with moral disengagement. We also examine ethical orientation as mediator and ethical leadership as moderator in this relationship. Data were collected from 253 managers working in the hospitality and tourism sector of Pakistan. We find that moral disengagement has significant effect in promoting antisocial behavior by easing and expediting a process where actors convince themselves that ethical standard do not apply on them. We also find that ethical orientation mediates and ethical leadership moderates this relationship respectively. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, School of Management, Air University Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, School of Management, Air University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Management, Air University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/examining-etiological-connection-between-antisocial-behavior-and-moral-disengagement-evidence-from-tourism-hospitality-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393380 2019-12-30 gmsr

The Moderating Role of Information Asymmetry in the Relationship between Stock Market Liquidity and Institutional Investors: A Case of Textile Sector in Pakistan Stock Exchange Muhammad Arif Moderation Information Asymmetry Size of Firm Growth Textile Sector The study focused on the moderation role of information asymmetry (IA) that plays a vital role between Stock market liquidity (SML) and Institutional investors (I.I) in textile sector of Pakistan stock exchange (PSX). Among total population of 155 companies, a sample of 150 textile companies is chosen with the help of convenient sampling technique for a period of 10 years (2009-2018). The results of Pre-moderation panel data regression analysis show that there is insignificant effect of I.I on SML while size (SZ), leverage (LEV) and growth (GR) have significant effect on SML. Further, post-moderation effect of IA, which is the uniqueness of the study, indicates a stronger significant effect of SZ, LEV and GR on SML as compare to pre-moderation regression results, which evident that IA do has a significant role between explanatory variables and SML. The results of the study are supporting the signaling theory on the base of moderation of IA that increases the significance level between I.I and SML. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-moderating-role-of-information-asymmetry-in-the-relationship-between-stock-market-liquidity-and-institutional-investors-a-case-of-textile-sector-in-pakistan-stock-exchange https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2019(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393381 2019-12-30 gmsr

The Effect of Personality and Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions and Behaviours in Developing Economies Nida Kamal Hina Samdani Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial Intentions Personality Education Behavior Entrepreneurship has always been regarded as a multi-disciplinary subject and a purely intentional process which cannot be completely assessed without examining the psychological factors. In this study, the relationship between Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial behavior has been examined and how the Big-Five personality traits and education about entrepreneurship enhance or minimize the role of intentions in determining behavior. NEOFFI personality inventory, Entrepreneurial Intentions Inventory and Knowledge about Entrepreneurship inventory were used to collect data from 270 respondents through non-probability (convenience and quota) sampling to ensure the representation of business graduates, entrepreneurs and employees from public and private sectors in Pakistan. The regression analysis revealed that the Big-Five personality traits and education had a significant impact on the entrepreneurial with no mediation of intentions. It holds significance by imposing that increased education and awareness about entrepreneurship can help direct the professionals and prospects towards a successful venture creation and sustenance. Humanity Publications Senior Lecturer, Business Studies, Bahria Business School, Pakistan. Senior Assistant Professor, Business Studies, Bahria Business School, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-personality-and-education-on-entrepreneurial-intentions-and-behaviours-in-developing-economies https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2019(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393382 2019-12-30 gmsr

Impact of WACC in Elucidation of Cross Sectional Stock Returns by Stylized Portfolios: Pragmatic Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange Maria Sultana Muhammad Imran Muhammad Amjad Saleem Asset Pricing Theory CAPM APT FF Three Factors Model Size Effect Value Effect WACC Effect The fundamental structure of the present theory of asset pricing underscored clarifying the path as to how the systematic risk is estimated and how investors are adapted to behavior for such risk. The mixed expense of debt and equity that an association should procure to raise funds for its assignments impacts its stock returns through investment choices and is an additional significant segment of business valuation work on the grounds that for putting resources into more risky resources, investors request better yields or higher returns, for legitimizing better yields this risk premium emerging from such risks is included in the returns. Hence, in clarifying portfolio returns, the three-factor model is increased with WACC to analyze its logical force that if WACC is estimated by the market or not through multivariate regressions. Two principle results are deduced by the examination; first; the findings attest to the presence of market premium, size impact, value impact, WACC premium in the equity market of Pakistan. Second, however generally exciting with exceptional interest, when contrasted with FF unique 3-factor model, the models which join WACC outperformed, which also affirmed from Adj.R2 results. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Government Commerce College Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-wacc-in-elucidation-of-cross-sectional-stock-returns-by-stylized-portfolios-pragmatic-evidence-from-pakistan-stock-exchange https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2019(IV-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393383 2019-12-30 gmsr

Linkage between Performance Appraisal System and Employee Performance: Does Motivation Moderate? Muhammad Toseef Muhammad Imran Ahsan Owais Performance Appraisal System Employee Performance Motivation The concept of performance appraisal came into ideal practice in the 1940s, helping a system to launch merit rating during the era of the Second World War as a fair wage system (Lillian & Sitati, 2011). Lots of research in recent decades have been done on the assessment of results (Bretz et al., 1992; Fisher, 1989). Often, a key aspect of human resource management is the performance assessment process. The target population of the present study consisted of all the employees working in the three private (Multan Medical complex, Care Family and Ibne Sina) hospitals of Multan, Pakistan. The study follows a convenient sampling technique for the determination of sample size and having n=131. Adopted questionnaire of Al-Ghamdi (2011) Verhulp (2006) was used with a 5-point Likert scale starting from 1= strongly agree, 2=agree, 3= uncertain, 4=disagree and lastly 5= strongly disagree. The study findings indicate 63% of the respondents belong to a male category, while on the other hand, 37% of the respondents belong to the female category. The study findings verified the fact that there exists an association between performance appraisal systems and seem to suggest that hospitals are interested in improving their performance through the performance appraisal systems. The findings verified the fact that there exists an association between motivation with employee performance. Humanity Publications Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan China. Qurtuba University of Information Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Qurtuba University of Information Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/linkage-between-performance-appraisal-system-and-employee-performance-does-motivation-moderate https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2019(IV-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393384 2020-03-30 gmsr

The Job Satisfaction among Female Police Officials in National Highways and Motorway Police: Issues and Opportunities Syed Imran Haider Azhar Waqar policing female police officers job satisfaction police patrol discrimination Job satisfaction form women especially in unconventional sectors is an important area to explore. The paper tried to find out whether female officials are satisfied with their job or not. The study employed the mix method approach with open-ended and close-ended questionnaire. A total of 49 participants, including chief patrol officers to junior patrol officers, were selected through systematic random sampling. The findings indicated that overall females are satisfied, therefore very high job retention was observed. Young female officials are more satisfied than others with departmental salary, workplace environment etc. However, regarding Medical and reward policy, they were not satisfied. The married females were facing an imbalance between work and family due to less support from family and workload. In area of foreign training opportunities, experience of discrimination was reported. Study concludes that the situation at family and society level needs to be addressed more. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Candidate, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/The-Job-Satisfaction-among-Female-Police-Officials-in-National-Highways-and-Motorway-Police-Issues-and-Opportunities https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393385 2020-03-30 gmsr

An Intention to Select Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice: A Case of Undergraduate Students Enrolled in Entrepreneurship Programs Shahid Qureshi Misbah Amin Abdullah Mustafa Entrepreneurial Education Entrepreneurial Career Option Effectuation This paper examines the entrepreneurial orientation amongst the students acquiring entrepreneurial education at center for entrepreneurial development at IBA Karachi. This research contributes to the literature through its theoretical model, which tests entrepreneurial intention of undergraduate students through Smart PLS 3.0. A quantitative research method has been adopted. Entrepreneurial skills & competencies and entrepreneurial knowledge are taken as independent variables. Entrepreneurial career option is dependent variable. Effectuation is taken as a mediating variable. The model has been applied on a sample of 250 undergraduate students, who enrolled in different entrepreneurship programs of Karachi (Example: Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Program (STEP) and International Entrepreneurship Winter School (IEWS) at IBA CED. The results of the study showed that effectuation significantly mediates the association between entrepreneurial skills & competencies and entrepreneurial career option. The study affirms that effectuation is a mediator in the association between entrepreneurial knowledge & awareness and entrepreneurial career option. The implications of this research will be helpful for academicians, research scholars and policy makers, working in the entrepreneurial development sector. The research will contribute to the existing literature through the entrepreneurship model Humanity Publications Associate Professor & Director, Faculty of Management Science & Center for Entrepreneurial Development (CED), Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Researcher & Case Writer, Center for Entrepreneurial Development (CED), Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Researcher & Coordinator - NEP, Center for Entrepreneurial Development (CED), Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/An-Intention-to-Select-Entrepreneurship-as-a-Career-Choice-A-Case-of-Undergraduate-Students-Enrolled-in-Entrepreneurship-Programs https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393386 2020-03-30 gmsr

Examining Etiological Connection Between Antisocial Behavior and Moral Disengagement: Evidence from Tourism & Hospitality Sector Amna Tariq Shahzad Khurram Amir Ishaque moral disengagement anti-social behavior ethical orientation ethical leadership It is estimated that by 2025 tourism & hospitality sector will contribute US$7.1 billion (? 1 trillion) to the economy of Pakistan. However, one can only attach such high hopes to this sector when human resource in this sector displays prosocial and not anti-social behavior to both domestic and foreign tourists. The objective of the study is to examine the level of antisocial behavior of the managers working in this sector and test its relationship with moral disengagement. We also examine ethical orientation as mediator and ethical leadership as moderator in this relationship. Data were collected from 253 managers working in the hospitality and tourism sector of Pakistan. We find that moral disengagement has significant effect in promoting anti-social behavior by easing and expediting a process where actors convince themselves that ethical standard do not apply on them. We also find that ethical orientation mediates and ethical leadership moderates this relationship respectively. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Air University School of Management, Air, University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Air University School of Management, Air, University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Air University School of Management, Air, University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/Examining-Etiological-Connection-Between-Antisocial-Behavior-and-Moral-Disengagement-Evidence-from-Tourism-and-Hospitality-Sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393387 2020-03-30 gmsr

Exploitation and Low Wages of Labor Migrants in Gulf Countries Faiz Rasool Syed Imran Haider Unskilled laborer Low wage technical skills etc. Migration towards the countries for economic reasons has different diverse outcomes for individuals. The present articles discuss the situation of those who migrated for economic stability of their left behind families. The issues faced by the laborers in middle east were explored through case study method from those who visited back home after expiry of visapermits. The migrants were selected from District Dera Ghazi Khan which has thousands of left behind families. Findings show that the Kafala system provides the migrants an opportunity to work and earn but lots of issues have been faced by such migrants in the countries of destination. They are bound to do as per the requirement of the sponsors because disobedience cause their departure from earning opportunity and the country as well. They have been exposed to harsh treatment and payed irregularly and withholding of payments is used as a tool to control. Humanity Publications PhD Candidate, Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/Exploitation-and-Low-Wages-of-Labor-Migrants-in-Gulf-Countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393388 2020-03-30 gmsr

Conflict and its Impact on Employees Behavioral Outcomes in Sugar Mills Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Taous Baloch Muhammad Imran Maria Sultana Conflict Deviant Behavior Turnover Intention D.I. Khan Human beings have been at odds with one another since the beginning of time. An organization is made up of humans and non-humans, and as a result, conflict is inevitable. It's clear that conflict is still a fact of life in human relationships. When people come together and achieve a shared purpose, they begin to quarrel about how to best accomplish it. As the main goal, the primary aim of the research was to discover the key reasons for the conflict in the sugar mills of Dera Ismail Khan (DI Khan); the emphasis was on behavioral results. Investigated was conducted A lot of use can be made of convenience sampling in order to acquire data Total 400 questionnaires were circulated, of which 385 after scrutiny, while 15 failed due to a lack of sincerity. After analysis, these results indicate that evidence for P.C. and N.P. bear a clear and constructive correlation with conflict and have a substantial influence on workers' behavioral consequences (resultant) responses (D.B., T.I.). The results of the analysis would have a significant impact on the sugar industry when they apply to conflict management. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Dera Ismail khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Dera Ismail khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/conflict-and-its-impact-on-employees-behavioral-outcomes-in-sugar-mills-dera-ismail-khan-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393389 2020-06-30 gmsr

Do Institutional Investors Affect Stock Market Liquidity? The Moderating Role of Firm Size in Fuel and Energy Sector of Pakistan Muhammad Arif Fuel & Energy Firm Size Moderation PSE Tobin Q. The current study is unique due to the consideration of firm size that is moderator variable between Institutional Investors and stock market liquidity in Fuel and Energy sector of Pakistan Stock Exchange because majority of the previous studies have been used SZ as a control variable. The secondary panel data of the sample firms for a period of 10 years (2009-2018) have been analyzed through Gretel software while multiple regression and moderation has been applied. The study concludes that SZ, as moderator, has significant role between I.I and ML along with other explanatory variables like Tobin Q ratio (Tob,Q). Therefore, big size I.I has considerable influence over ML as compared to Small or average size I.I. The study recommends that ML can be increased by reducing the undue influence of the large I.I through establishing proper legislation which will safeguard various parties such as small I.I, medium I.I and individual investors in capital markets. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/do-institutional-investors-affect-stock-market-liquidity-the-moderating-role-of-firm-size-in-fuel-and-energy-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393390 2020-06-30 gmsr

Relevance of Leverage and Profitability in Risk-Return Paradox: A Study from Pakistan Stock Exchange Muhammad Ramzan Maria Sultana Muhammad Imran Asset Pricing Leverage Premium Profitability Premium The purpose of this investigation has to investigate the degree of relevance of these components in the domain of asset pricing by augmenting the basic FF-5 factor model with leverage and profitability that whether leverage-profitability dumping portfolios capturing the return by this model. We performed the five-factor model of Fama-French to capture the joint effect of variables and augmented it with leverage and profitability for the Pakistani market utilizing current periodic month-to-month data from the year 1998 to the year 2019. Construction of factors (MKT, SMB, HML, HLMLL, and RMW) is done for the PSX market and scrutinize that how much this five-factor augmented model detentions the returns premium in the Pakistani equity market. To analyze the model experimentally that consolidate subgroups of its factors that explain the portfolio's normal returns are outlined to make tremendous spreads in size, B/M, leverage and profitability and to capture the pattern for observing their imperativeness, 2X2X2X2 sorted version is adopted to construct the factors. Investigation documents the significant evidence on the leverage and profitability premium. Taking a glimpse at the variables alone, the recently presented leverage and profitability factors show alluring, measurably critical returns for a long/short basis for the Pakistani equity market. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Qurtaba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/relevance-of-leverage-and-profitability-in-riskreturn-paradox-a-study-from-pakistan-stock-exchange https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393391 2020-09-30 gmsr

Impact of Managers' Voice Solicitation on Leader-Member Exchange with the Mediating Role of Employees' Voice Behavior and Emotional Exhaustion Sadaf Nagi Muhammad Zahid Iqbal Emotional Exhaustion Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Voice Behavior Voice Solicitation Employees' voice plays a vital role in enhancing organizational achievements. Despite its vitality, existing literature provides that managers usually demonstrate reduced voice solicitation. This study attempts to find the likely effects of managers' reluctance toward employees' voice. Furthermore, employees who cannot raise their voice may suffer from emotional exhaustion, which in turn can lower their perception of Leader-member exchange (LMX). The extant research was carried out on a sample of 240 respondents from telecom sector of Pakistan as manager-employee matched pairs, supports the above arguments. Based on a variance-based structural equation modelling and bootstrapping procedure, results showed that employees' voice behavior and employees' emotional exhaustion serially mediated the relationship between managers' voice solicitation and LMX. The results highlight the need to have an environment in organizations where employees' voice is not denigrated. Finally, the theoretical and managerial implications of the study were presented. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-managers-voice-solicitation-on-leadermember-exchange-with-the-mediating-role-of-employees-voice-behavior-and-emotional-exhaustion https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:393392 2020-09-30 gmsr

A Conceptual Analysis of Training and Development Programs: Its Benefits for Employees and Organizations Muhammad Mussa Khan Riaz Ahmad Lloyd W. Fernald Training & Development Components Benefits Employees Organizations This paper conceptually evaluates and analyzes secondary data about the benefits associated with training and development programs conducted for employees by their organizations. Firstly, the elements and structure of training and development programs are investigated, and the benefits of these programs are presented. For most of the organizations, success or failure highly depends on their employees; therefore, employees are the esteemed assets of organizations, whether the organizations are large or small. In the digital era, new training and development programs have been introduced, which can effectively turn a normal employee into a more professional and skilful. It is of high importance for the organizations to consider T&D programs as it helps both employees and employers in many aspects, and thus the organizations can survive and gain a competitive advantage in the market. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Assistant Professor, Department of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China. Professor Emeritus, Department of Management, University of Central Florida & Dean of Graduate Studies, Orlando University, Orlando, Florida, USA. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/a-conceptual-analysis-of-training-and-development-programs-its-benefits-for-employees-and-organizations https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Role of Framing towards Islamic Business Engagement in Asia: A Case of Pakistan Muhammad Awais Waqar Haider Hashmi Adeel Mustafa Behavioral Finance Islamic Business Framing Islamic Finance The aim of this study is to examine the phenomenon of framing as a cause of making wrong decisions while investing in Islamic stocks. Framing refers to the bias of people that describes the way they respond to a specific option as per its offer. After collecting primary data through interviews, including open-ended questions from the Pakistani stock market under the subjective or constructivist research paradigm, NVivo it is applied to get word cloud for appropriate analysis. The study finds that there are so many complexities and impurities that blindfold brokers and investors to differentiate between Shariah-compliant versus conventional stocks. This research can be further extended by differentiating between long-term and short-term investment horizons. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/role-of-framing-towards-islamic-business-engagement-in-asia-a-case-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Empirical Test of Fama-French Five-Factor Model: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange Kanwal Haqqani Wali Rahman PSX Size Value Profitability Investment Five-Factor Model This study provides an empirical examination of the Fama and French five-factor asset pricing model (FF5FM) in the equity market of Pakistan. Using data from 2007 to 2017of non-financial firms listed on PSX. The univariate approach is used to construct the dependent portfolios based on four firms characteristics, while a 2x3 approach is used to construct size, value, profitability, and investment factors. Time series regression is used to analyze the data to obtained results. The empirical evidence demonstrates that FF5FM performs better the three-factor model in the Pakistan stock market and the performance of the four-factor model that drops investment factor is similar to FF5FM except for portfolios constructed based on investment factor. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-empirical-test-of-famafrench-fivefactor-model-evidence-from-pakistan-stock-exchange https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Leadership styles and Its Impact on Employee Performance with a mediating effect of Organizational Commitment, An empirical study of NHA, Pakistan. Bushra Alvi Aftab Haider Tauqeer Ahmed Islamabad National Highway Authority Autocratic leadership Democratic leadership Organizational Commitment Employee Performance. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between autocratic and democratic leadership on employee performance through the mediation of organizational commitment in National Highway Authority Islamabad head office. The inquiry was conducted in a natural working environment of an organization where respondents are situated/located, that is a filed study. Simple random sampling technique was used to carry out the research using structured questionnaires which were adopted from other researcher's studies. The questionnaires were based on five-point Likert scale measuring autocratic leadership, democratic leadership, Organizational Commitment, and employee performance. 217 questionnaires were distributed among middle-level employees of National Highway Authority out of which all 217 were useable. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The descriptive statistics indicated that autocratic leadership has a negative impact on employee performance but does show the significant effect with that the other variable democratic leadership shows a significant positive impact on employee performance whereas organizational commitment does mediate the relationship between independent variables i-e Autocratic leadership, Democratic leadership and dependent variable i-e Employee Performance. Recommendations to improve employee performance under this study are provided to the organization. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/leadership-styles-and-its-impact-on-employee-performance-with-a-mediating-effect-of-organizational-commitment-an-empirical-study-of-nha-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Demographic, Psychological Attributes and Financial Consciousness of Households on their Energy Conservation Behavior: Testing the Mediating Role of Behavioral Intention Nisar Ahmad Hafiz Abdur Rashid Mahnoor Choudary Demographic and Psychological Attributes Financial Consciousness Behavior Intentions and Energy Conservation The implementation of energy sustainable practices is acknowledged to be a vital step towards resolving the problem of energy shortage. However, the energy conservation behavior of households in developing countries has not gained much attention. Therefore, this research aims to examine the effect of psychological attributes and financial consciousness on the energy conservation behavior of residential individual in the presence of behavioral intentions. For the purpose of this study, we performed a regression analysis on the data set collected through a questionnaire survey of 310 residential individuals in Lahore, Pakistan. Results reveal that the psychological attributes and financial consciousness of the households have a significant effect on their energy conservation behavior. Further, the findings of the study establish a significant mediating role of households' behavioral intentions towards energy conservation. The findings of this study suggest that media campaigns and energy conservation seminars should emphasize the adoption of energy-saving technologies. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-demographic-psychological-attributes-and-financial-consciousness-of-households-on-their-energy-conservation-behavior-testing-the-mediating-role-of-behavioral-intention https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Analyzing the Influence of Situational Factors on Online Impulse Buying Behavior: A Study of Pakistani Consumers Marriyam Iftikhar Jawad Iqbal Serendipitous Information Scarcity Messages Situational Factors Urge to Buy Impulsively Online Impulse Buying Behaviour This study seeks to find out online impulse buying behaviour in the Pakistan e-commerce industry by investigating the contributing factors of money availability, time availability, family influence, serendipitous information and scarcity messages towards online impulse buying behaviour. It investigated the mediating role of the urge to buy impulsively between the factors and online impulse buying behaviour. From a sample of 472 students of 4 Pakistani universities, the data was gathered. Moreover, to analyze the data and to test hypotheses, PLS-SEM was employed, which showed money availability, time availability, scarcity messages, serendipitous information, family influence were significantly related to online impulse buying behaviour. The findings will be helpful for e-retailers in creating e-marketing strategies, delivering their promises and generating sales through effectively designing their promotional plans. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management and Administrative Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Email: marriyamiftikhar@gmail.com Professor, Department of Management and Administrative Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/analyzing-the-influence-of-situational-factors-on-online-impulse-buying-behavior-a-study-of-pakistani-consumers https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Does CSR add Value to Service Innovation Performance via HRM? A Conceptual Framework and Future Research Agenda Abdul Latif Noor Ul Hadi Jamila Khurshid Corporate Social Responsibility Affective Commitment Employee Innovative Behavior Organizational Citizenship Behavior Competitive Advantage Drawing upon social exchange theory, the present study conceptualizes CSR as a strategic asset, and organizational CSR initiatives influence employee’s attitudes and behaviors, including citizenship and innovative behavior. CSR can be aligned with HR strategies to get employees boost and committed to their organization. CSR strategy from an employee perspective may become a rare, valuable, non-substitutable and inimitable resource that gives organizations’ strategic and sustainable competitive advantages. The study concludes CSR is a promising area that affects employee’s attitudes and behaviors within the framework of HRM. Current literature is inconsistent and lacks maturity. The present study integrates CSR with attitudes and behaviors from an innovation perspective. CSR as a strategic resource is an attraction for stakeholders, including employees. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpindi Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpindi Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/does-csr-add-value-to-service-innovation-performance-via-hrm-a-conceptual-framework-and-future-research-agenda https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Effect of Chief Executive Officer Dominance and Shareholder Rights on Cost of Equity Capital in Pakistan Yawar Miraj Khilji Shehzad Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik Cost of Equity Firm Leverage Shareholder Rights Chief Executive Dominance Firm Size Pakistan Stock Exchange Corporate Governance This Research explores the effect of Chief executive Dominance and Shareholder rights on Cost of equity of listed companies in an emerging equity market, Pakistan. The research is for the period of 2012 to 2018 for which firm level data of top 100 non-financial listed firms from Pakistan Stock Exchange has been examined by using descriptive statistics, a correlation -matrix, Pooled OLS and Fixed Effect Model approach. The impact of controlled variables which includes firm size, Financial Leverage, and Book to market ratio influence on the firms cost of equity has also been investigated. Research results indicate that when Chief executive officers align their interest with that of shareholders, the risk of agency problem is mitigated thus leading to lower cost of equity. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-chief-executive-officer-dominance-and-shareholder-rights-on-cost-of-equity-capital-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Microeconomic Impact of Migrants' Remittances on Household Welfare Haidar Farooqe Muhammad Akbar Mukaram Khan Remittances Welfare Wealth Food Security This research study investigated that how foreign remittances contributed to household welfare at the micro-level. The results revealed that remittances contributed progressively to household food consumption and wealth status. Remittances recipient families have good wealth status as compared to non-recipient ones. It has been found that migrants’ families are having good wealth status and own more assets. Additionally, a significant portion of remittances is used for food expenditures. The remittance recipient households are spending more on food and more food security as compared to others. Thus it is concluded that that foreign remittances have a positive relationship with household welfare. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-microeconomic-impact-of-migrants-remittances-on-household-welfare https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Long Working Hours, Stress, Turnover and Organization Commitment among Employees in Banking Sector Faisal Khan Suneeza Nisar Muhammad Faizan Malik Long Working Hours Employees Stress Turnover Organization Commitment The main aim of the study is to examine the impact of a long working hour on stress, turnover and commitment of employees in the baking sector District Swabi. Stress affects the state of equilibrium. Stress is the reaction on the employees when there are a lot of pressures on them it can be workload, office environment or other factors. The data were collected through self-administrated from 234 respondents of the banking sector. The findings of the study show that there is a positive relationship between long working hours with turnover and stress while a negative relationship with organizational commitment. For enhancing both organizational and employee's productivity, the administration and policymakers need to increase compensations, organizational commitment and rewards. This study also provides the limitations and recommendations for further research. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan. MBA Student, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/long-working-hours-stress-turnover-and-organization-commitment-among-employees-in-banking-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance and Organizational Citizen Behavior Fauzia Ahmed Saubia Ramzan Nagina Gul Organizational Citizenship Behavior OCB Transformational Leadership Employee Performance It has been agreed upon by the researchers that leadership style in an organization causes the quality of employee performance. Moreover, organizational citizenship behavior is also determined by the style of leadership in an organization. The question is what type of leadership style is determining these behaviors. In this study, the impact of transformational leadership on employee's task performance and citizenship behavior is studied. Transformational leadership was found to have a significant positive impact on employees OCB and performance further; it was also found out that OCB moderates the relationship of transformational leadership with employee's performance. It is concluded that there may be some incongruent behaviors or perceptions among the leader and his subordinates. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, Business and IT, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering & Management Sciences, (BUITEMS) Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-transformational-leadership-on-employee-performance-and-organizational-citizen-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Training on Employees' Performance Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Riaz Hussain Ansari Himayat Ali Training Employee Performance HR Practices Training Strategies & Organizational Effectiveness The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of training on employee performance. The study investigates the association and offers proposals for additional investigations. There is a need to check the HR Practices and also quantify the effect across employees' performance. Based on the studies conducted by previous researchers, the study shows similar results that training practices and employee performance have a strong correlation. Taking other aspects into account, it can be said in general that the research discoveries are shifted; however, context remains similar. A few studies have discovered a positive affiliation, some negative, and some no affiliation at all. It was found from the result of the study that training has a positive effect on employee performance. This study shows that there is a solid relationship between training and employee performance. Therefore our result matched with the above researcher. The research shows a strong relationship between training and employee performance. The paper concludes with direction for future research by putting in the various levels of analysis on investigating the effect of training on employee performance. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Leadership and Management Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-training-on-employees-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Recruitment and Selection in the Public Sector Organizations: A Study based on Qualified and NonQualified Applicants Ghulam Nabi Faheem Ghazanfar Naveeda Zeb Recruitment Perception Selection Procedural Justice Feedback The basic objective of this article is to understand the perceived applicant's experience regarding procedural justice. This study was conducted in the public sector organizations of the State of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Data was collected from those applications which had applied for any post in the public service commission jobs. Further, the sample was divided into two categories, one those who were selected and the other who could not make it through. A research questionnaire ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree on the likert scale was used, which was personally administered. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22, where it was found that the overall pattern of results indicates that both of the categories of applicants showed dissatisfaction with the procedural justice and feedback mechanism of the existing selection procedures. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, (AJ&K), Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, (AJ&K), Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, (AJ&K), Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/recruitment-and-selection-in-the-public-sector-organizations-a-study-based-on-qualified-and-nonqualified-applicants https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Study on the Women's Use of Social Media & Breast Cancer-related Health Information-Seeking Behavior: Utility of Information Channel as a Mediator Tehmina Ashfaq Qazi Noor Hayat Health Information Seeking Behavior Social Media Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking Social Stigma Breast Cancer Women Social media is quickly becoming the most available and easiest source for seeking health information due to the emerging popularity of social media among people where everyone is expected to be online and connected to social media. This research was carried out to examine women's online breast cancer-related information-seeking behavior. The comprehensive model of information seeking (CMIS) was tested in Pakistan in order to examine the information-seeking behavior of women. Another significant factor of social stigma was added as an independent variable into the existing model. Researchers hypothesized that the utility of information channels plays a role of mediator in the association amongst the factors, i.e. demographics, social stigma, direct experience, salience, beliefs, and characteristics in the information-seeking behavior about breast cancer. The survey questionnaire was distributed among Six hundred women from Islamabad by using the convenient sampling technique. Researchers collected the data by already developed scales. Statistical test of Multiple Linear Regression was employed by the researchers. Therefore, the study carried out significant findings. Humanity Publications Doctoral Student of Media and Communication Studies, Faculty of Media and Communication Studies, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Media and Communication Studies, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/a-study-on-the-womens-use-of-social-media-breast-cancerrelated-health-informationseeking-behavior-utility-of-information-channel-as-a-mediator https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Comparison of Market, Size and Value Premium of Random Samples in KSE and Non KSE 100 Companies Muhammad Ammad Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan Brekhana Gul Equity Risk Premium Market Risk Premium Size Premium Value Premium KSE 100 Index This study is directed towards the identification of key risk variables that explains the variations in expected stocks’ returns and gives rise to Risk Premium for taking an extra riskin addition to the opportunity cost of risk free rate incorporated in stocks’ returns. For this purpose, monthly returns of 37 companies (randomly 20 samples selected from KSE and non KSE-100 each) listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange were calculated for a period covering six years from January 2008 up till December 2013. The excess return (portfolio return minus risk-free rate) on these 37 companies is sorted in six size and value portfolios. KSE 100 Index was used as a proxy for benchmark Index, and six months T-bills’ yield was used as a proxy for the risk-free rate. Regression results strongly evidenced size and value premium as factors explaining the variations in expected returns for the multi factor model. The variation explained by these factors found more in non KSE-100 than KSE. This study strongly supported two factors (SMB Humanity Publications MBA, Institute of Business and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/comparison-of-market-size-and-value-premium-of-random-samples-in-kse-and-non-kse-100-companies https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-III).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Investigating Investment, Inflation, Trade-Openness and Economic Progress Nexus for Pakistan Aftab Anwar Muhammad Masood Anwar Ghulam Yahya Khan Foreign Direct Investment Investment Gross Domestic Product Economic Growth Trade Openness Inflation Cointegration ARDL Pakistan Since inflation and trade openness rate are considered as critical measure of an economy's health. This article analyze the relation of Economic growth with Investment, Inflation and Trade Openness of Pakistan for 1970- 2019. The policy guide lines from analysis include promotion of policies to increase Investment and Trade-openness in short and long-terms. The study used ARDL bound-testing for long-term and Un-Restricted-Error Correction techniques to discover short-term interrelation amongst a selection of variables. Results of study revealed inflation negatively related to economic performance and positively linked to Investment and Trade-Openness. Findings of enquiry suggested government should focus more on investment friendly policies in the country. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/iinvestigating-investment-inflation-tradeopenness-and-economic-progress-nexus-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Exploring the Marketing Analytics Practices in Cement Industry: A Case Study Approach for a Cement Company Associated with Indigenous Conglomerate Imran Bashir Dar Abdul Zahid Khan Sadaf Kashif Marketing Analytics Automation Cement Industry Industry 4.0 Business Analytics The dawn of 4th industrial evolution (4.0) in emerging economies, has been a paradigm shift for data consumption in cement companies, where value input from marketing analytics is apparent but holistic understanding is lacking. The cement industry is facing problems in terms of utilising the benefit from marketing analytics reservoirs, at the organisational level, by taking initiatives, depicting issues and remedial steps, and projecting the future possibilities. The objective of this research was to fill this gap. For this purpose, a series of interview sessions from various levels of management at the cement company head office was conducted, followed by transcription, codification, funnelling and triangulation. The results depicted that 'initiatives & benefits' stage is most significant. The collective learning is about cross-functionality of the marketing department for competency designs (marketing and logistics), teaming with IT, training for insight reports understanding, the inclination to data-driven decisions, a steady but comparatively slow shift to analytics in overall marketing operations. Humanity Publications Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-marketing-analytics-practices-in-cement-industry-a-case-study-approach-for-a-cement-company-associated-with-indigenous-conglomerate https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Factors Affecting Customer Value Co-Creation Behavior: A Case of Tourism Industry Aziz Ur Rehman Rana Amir Gulzar Amjad Shamim Factors CVCCB and VCA The main purpose of this study is to find the factors affecting value co-creation behavior. This study also aimed to find the mediating role of customer co-creation attitude on the relationship between factors and value co-creation behavior. The target population selected for this study was the northern areas of Pakistan. The sample size of this study was (n=480) respondents. The data were collected at three different time's intervals, i.e. at the time, 1, independent variables data were collected at time 2 mediating variable was collected, and at time 3 dependent variable data was collected. This study results revealed that all factors have a positive and significant effect on customer value co-creation behavior. The results revealed that customer co-creation attitude has a positive and significant mediating role between factors and customer value co-creation behavior. The results of this study will open a new avenue in the tourism sector and as well for scholars and practitioners. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Department of Management & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/factors-affecting-customer-value-cocreation-behavior-a-case-of-tourism-industry https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Comparative Analysis of Public Relation Strategies & Practices in Peshawar Hospitals Rooh Ul Amin Shahsawar Khan Jamaluddin Public Information Officers (PIOs) Citizen’s Trust Gruni and Hunt’s Four Models of PR Public Private Hospitals & Public Relations. This paper comparatively examines the Public Relation (PR) practices in public & private hospitals of Peshawar to investigate the practices followed by the Public Relation Officers (PROs) and the barriers they face in order to develop cordial ties between the internal and external public of health department for effective health care delivery. The Public Relation Departments (PRDs) are struggling to build strong bonds between the patients, accompaniers and health institutions. This research aims to examine the difference between PR practices of Peshawar's public and private hospitals by employing the Grunig and Hunts Four Models as a theoretical framework. The respondents were selected for the research via the purposive sampling technique. A semi-structured interview protocol was developed for this purpose. The study shows that the PROs in these hospitals follow none of the four models. It is recommended that hospitals should hire PR professionals, arrange health communication literacy seminars and conduct research for confidence building between the internal and external public of the health department. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Swat, Mingora, KP, Pakistan. Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/comparative-analysis-of-public-relation-strategies-practices-in-peshawar-hospitals https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Role of Actors and Factors for the Emergence of Contemporary Regime of Investor-State Dispute Settlement Ali Nawaz Khan Zaheer Iqbal Cheema Jawwad Riaz Actors Factors Investment Dispute Settlement Dispute resolution mechanism happened to be the fundamental aspect of the protectionist discourse of foreign investment. The consistent efforts were rolled out on behalf of international economic organizations such as UNO, OECD and IBRD of World Bank Group for the establishment of an impartial forum for the settlement of investment disputes. The opposite approaches of capital-exporting developed economies and less developed recipients of foreign capital lead certain attempts to failure to build consensus for dispute resolution mechanism relating to foreign investments. The World Bank started its effort for a specialized forum for investor-state dispute settlements in 1961. This effort remained successful in building consensus for exclusive jurisdiction for investment disputes. The members of the World Bank Group adopted the international convention on the settlement of investment disputes between states and nationals of other states, 1965, i.e. ICSID Convention. The paper has concluded that the efforts of international organizations and the large-scale recognition of the ICSID mechanism have ensured the legitimacy of the system. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/role-of-actors-and-factors-for-the-emergence-of-contemporary-regime-of-investorstate-dispute-settlement https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Risk Determinants on the Perceived Performance of Software Projects in Emerging Economies Ashfaq Ahmad Nisar Ahmad Nadia Malik Risk Factors Perceived Project Performance Project Risk Management Software Industry Effective control of risk factors ensures the performance of projects in any industry. Risk factors can influence software projects of any size and type. This research aims to identify and examine different risk factors associated with projects in the software industry. The relationship between Software Project Risks (SPRs) and Perceived Project Performance (PPP) measures is determined. This study is based on a survey approach, and a questionnaire is used to record opinions and responses from 199 software professionals working in the Pakistan software industry. The results showed that the association between SPRs and PPP measures is statistically significant, and there exist a positive relationship. It is concluded that an increase in understanding of SPRs can increase PPP measures used to evaluate the software project. The results will help researchers and professionals in understanding the impact of different risk factors on software projects' perceived performance. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Pakistan. Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-risk-determinants-on-the-perceived-performance-of-software-projects-in-emerging-economies https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2020(V-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership styles on Employee Performance with Mediating Effect of Affective Commitment: A Study of Banking Sector of Pakistan Touqeer Ahmed Aftab Haider Bushra Alvi National Bank of Pakistan Transactional Leadership Transformational Leadership Affective Commitment Employee Performance The research was escorted to probe the correlation between leadership styles on employee production through the mediation of Affective commitment in the National Bank of Pakistan. Simple random sampling was used to carry out the research using structured questionnaires, which were adopted from other researchers studies. The questionnaires were based on a five-point Likert scale measuring all variables.144 questionnaires were distributed among middle-level employees of the National Bank of Pakistan, out of which all 144 were useable. This data was analyzed using SPSS. The descriptive statistics indicated a productive association between transformational & employee performance and show significant effect with that the other variable Transactional leadership shows significant positive impact on employee performance, whereas Affective commitment did mediate the relationship between independent variables & dependent variables. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. HR Officer, Head Office, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-transformational-and-transactional-leadership-styles-on-employee-performance-with-mediating-effect-of-affective-commitment-a-study-of-banking-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing Attitude among Academic Staff at Higher Education Institutions in the Relationship between Organizational Learning Environment and Teacher Knowledge Sharing Int Aneela Syed Muhammad Danish Nagina Gul Attitude toward Knowledge Sharing Perceived Behavior Control Organization Learning Environment Higher Education Institutions knowledge sharing Behavior This study aims to explore the attitude of faculty members in the universities towards knowledge sharing (KS). The study also analyzed the impact of the organizational learning environment (OLE) on the knowledge-sharing attitude among the university is teaching staff. An empirical model is developed while an integrated theory of Planned Behavior (PB) to conceptualize the Knowledge Sharing Behavior among the employees of Higher Education Institutions (HEI). Moreover, the study recognizes the levels of Knowledge Sharing between the staff members within the organization. Out of 407 respondents, 300 responses were collected through self-administer a survey. The results provide empirical evidence that OLE and Intention to Sharing knowledge (ISK) are significantly related among academic Staff at HEI. The results of the study may help the institution level of intention in sharing knowledge and attitude toward perceived behavior subjective norms to retain core employees within the organization. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-mediating-role-of-knowledge-sharing-attitude-among-academic-staff-at-higher-education-institutions-in-the-relationship-between-organizational-learning-environment-and-teacher-knowledge-sharing-int https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Does Budget Deficit and Political Stability Effect Real Exchange Rate in South Asian Countries? Ghulam Nabi Kalimullah Bhat Faheem Ghazanfar Budget Deficit Political Stability Exchange Rate The study investigates the effect of political stability and budget deficit on the real exchange rate. We used a panel data set of south Asian countries, including Pakistan, China, Bangladesh and India. We applied the panel unit root test, Kaos panel Cointegration and fully modified the least square in the study to reach robustness of findings. Findings reveal that real exchange rate(RER) and political stability are positively related. It supports the argument that political stability attracts foreign investment, appreciates local currency, and leads to higher RER. However, results reveal that the budget deficit is not related to RER. This study provides new empirical evidence to policymakers and government officials that political stability encourages foreign investors and appreciates exchange rate. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/does-budget-deficit-and-political-stability-effect-real-exchange-rate-in-south-asian-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Industrial Waste Management in Pakistan: Problems and Prospects Muhammad Tahir Hassan Shumaila Dilawar Muqarrab Akbar Environment Industry Multan Pakistan Industrial Waste Management The disposal of industrial waste is a serious issue in almost every developed and underdeveloped nation. Fast-growing industrialization and urbanization have severly affected the environment and water quality. The developed states have developed techniques to dispose of industrial waste. However, as it is very expensive, so underdeveloped states are lacking behind in the technology of industrial waste disposal. This paper will explore different aspects of Industrial waste, such as the causes of industrial waste and its effects on the population. This research is supported by the survey from the around 300 people of Multan to know about the perception of the general public about industrial waste management. The paper concludes with the recommendations that government, industrialists and civil society can jointly resolve the issue of industrial waste by taking different measures on their part. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/industrial-waste-management-in-pakistan-problems-and-prospects https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Relationship between Heads' Team Leadership Style and Teachers' Motivation Shamim Ullah Abid Hussain Ch Distributed Leadership Team Leadership Motivation High School Teachers The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship of the team leadership style of headteachers with the motivation of teachers in Government high schools of Punjab. Distributed leadership is a style in which the leadership responsibilities are shared with those who have related skills and expertise. The sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used in this study. The team leadership style of heads and motivation level of teachers was identified by a questionnaire. Five hundred and thirty-eight male teachers were selected from Government boy's high schools of four districts of Punjab through a multi-stage proportionate sampling technique. The interview guide was developed to collect qualitative data from headteachers of the respective selected schools for a deep understanding of the situation. Both the questionnaire and interview guide were validated by the experts and pilot tested. Findings of the study displayed that the head was using team leadership style, the teachers especially those who are newly inducted, had a high level of motivation. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-heads-team-leadership-style-and-teachers-motivation https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Evidential Analysis of Terrorism and I-VEO Knowledge Matrix in the Context of Security as Pure Public Good: The case of Pakistan from 1990 to 2010 Aziz Ahmed Nagina Gul Hussan Ara Magsi Pure Public Good I-VEO Knowledge Matrix Incidents The case of Pakistan has presented if security provision is a pure public good in the light of the I-VEO Knowledge Matrix hypotheses. Evidential analysis of the data from 1990 to 2010 from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) suggests that terrorism incidents are not reduced with the increase of public expenditure on defence, and instead, more fatalities and injuries are witnessed during the years. The analysis is based in isolation to terrorist attacks, defence expenditure and relating hypotheses of Influential Violent Extremists Organization Knowledge Matrix (I- VEO Knowledge Matrix) and counterterrorism operations, at ceteris paribus. The I-VEO Knowledge Matrix shows there is a lack of a comprehensive set of strategy based on the collection of relevant hypotheses more productive than the existing and likely less effective counterterrorism strategies to ensure security provision as a pure public good in the case of Pakistan Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/Evidential-Analysis-of-Terrorism-and-I-VEO-Knowledge-Matrix-in-the-Context-of-Security-as-Pure-Public-Good-The-case-of-Pakistan-from-1990-to-2010 https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Mediation of Risk Perception Between Leadership Styles and Risk Management Styles of Managers Sameena Hamayun Khan Humaira Yasmin Asma Rashid Risk Perception Leadership Styles Risk Management Styles Managers The study examined the mediation of risk perception between leadership styles and risk management styles of managers during managerial decision making. Leadership styles were measured through Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), risk perception in decision making was measured with Decision Situations Scale (DSS), risk management styles of managers were measured with ACAT Risk Management Styles Scale (ARMSS) was administered on 300 managers. Risk perception partially mediated between leadership styles and risk management styles of managers. The study integrated scientific knowledge from different models of organizational life. The findings are useful in high-risk organizational environments in the current decade. Humanity Publications Department of Psychology, University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Department of Psychology, University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/mediation-of-risk-perception-between-leadership-styles-and-risk-management-styles-of-managers https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Does a CEO's Cultural Background Affect Community Related CSR Activities? Muhammad Naeem Naeem Ullah Nida Aman Chief Executive Officer Corporate Social Responsibility Culture By using the large sample having the 9658 observations, this study investigates the impact of the CEO's cultural background on the community-related CSR activities. From the empirical analysis, it is found that different cultural dimensions affected differently. Individualistic and masculine CEOs are positively and significantly related to community-related CSR activities. It is also found that uncertainty avoidance is negatively and significantly related to community-related CSR activities. This study has used the data from the year 2002 to 2015 and employed a pooled regression technique to find the empirical results. This is the first study in its nature and provides a direction for future research. Humanity Publications Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan. Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/does-a-ceos-cultural-background-affect-community-related-csr-activities https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Emotional Intelligence Supports Transformational LeadershipStyle: A Survey of Local Government District D.I. Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Qudratullah Khan Emotional Intelligence (EI) Transformational Leadership Style (TRFLS) Transactional Leadership Styles (TRSLS) In the contemporary world of stress and insecurity in developing countries like Pakistan, emotional intelligence has earned critical importance as an effective tool for organizational leadership. Literature suggests that when human devotion, motivation and commitment are the keys to organizational success, transformational leadership with sufficient command over emotional intelligence is the only package that can help successful operations of the organization. This study tests the same model of positive relations between EI & TRFLS and negative links of EI with TRSLS in the 'local government' work environment using local government leaders as the unit of analysis. Literature and field surveys for data collection and statistical tools for data analysis have been applied to serve the purposes of this study. The results confirm the hypothesized relationships between predictor and criterion variables with specific 'statistics' warranting further work on strengthening the interactions between TRFLS and EI. Humanity Publications Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/emotional-intelligence-supports-transformational-leadershipstyle-a-survey-of-local-government-district-di-khan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Petroleum and Food Sectors Lost Stock Returns against Investments in PSX Syed Muhammad Ali Tirmizi Haider Ali Sharif Ullah Jan Petroleum Sector Food Sector Stock Returns Exchange Rate Exposure Market Return The impact of exchange rate exposure and market return on stock returns of petroleum and food sectors PSX listed firms has been investigated empirically. Two econometric models formulated based on the Jorion approach of the two-factor model have been analyzed for petroleum and food sectors stock returns, market return and exchange rate (i.e., USD) for the study period 2005-2012, which represent an era of military regime proceeded by the democratic government of Pakistan Peoples Party. A sample of 37 petroleum and food sectors listed firms have been evaluated by applying the unit root test and OLS multiple regression. Further, the Quandt-Andrews test of unknown breakpoint has been applied, which showed an extended structural break during the period 2007 to 2010. Additionally, the results revealed that the coefficients of exchange rate and market return are negatively related to petroleum and food sectors stock returns. Therefore, investors must take precautions before investing funds in stocks of food and petroleum sector firms. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan. CEO Impex Pakistan, The Mall, Wah Cantt., Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, FATA University, FR Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/petroleum-and-food-sectors-lost-stock-returns-against-investments-in-psx https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Adequate Access to Retail Stores for Purchase Behaviour through Sustainable Attractiveness and Purchase Intention Numair Ahmed Sulehri Aziz Ur Rehman Rana Muhammad Naeem Access Purchase Intention Purchase Behaviour Retail Sustainable Attractiveness With the world's increased urbanization, the exchange process's view is fetching more efficiency in the shopping process. This trend is changing customer's intentions towards the retail stores. This article examines how the perception of access reshapes the customer's purchase decision in developing countries and how the retail stores' sustainable attractiveness intervenes in the purchase decision making. The point of sale convenience sampling technique is used with data from 669 urban retail customers' in the current study. The results have revealed that purchase intention and sustainable attractiveness of the retail store sequentially intervene relationship between the customer's access to the retail store and the purchase behaviour. Moreover, this study has also explored the vital link between purchase intention and purchase behaviour in Pakistan's urban organized retail stores. This study provides new insights for retailers and urban planners to manage the store's location for more efficient exchange and increase customer patronage. Humanity Publications Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/adequate-access-to-retail-stores-for-purchase-behaviour-through-sustainable-attractiveness-and-purchase-intention https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Budget Deficit and Inflation: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Minhajuddin Masud Ahmad Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan Budget Deficit Inflation ARDL Pakistan This paper is focused on investigating the deficit-inflation model for the purpose of analyzing the impact of fiscal deficit on inflation in Pakistan within the framework of ARDL bounds testing approach to co integration. Order of integration and the issue of unit root was diagnosed with the help of ADF and PP tests of stationary. Error Correction Model and Granger Causality test are used for investigating the speed of adjustment and pattern of causality among the targeted variables. Findings reveal that impact of fiscal deficit is inflationary as it helps in boosting the inflation rate in Pakistan. The pattern of causality was diagnosed to be of one-way, running from fiscal imbalances to inflation. Findings propose that government should concentrate on countering the budget deficit by promoting economic growth through utilization of fiscal policies like reduction in public spending and expanding the tax revenue. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Economics, Qurtuba University of Science % Information Technology, Peshawar Campus, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/budget-deficit-and-inflation-empirical-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Following in the Footsteps: An Empirical Model of LeaderSignaled Knowledge Hiding by Subordinates Zunaira Mahmood Kausar Fiaz Khawaja Shahida Mariam Self-Serving Leadership Leader-Signaled Knowledge Hiding Machiavellianism Competitive Work Environment Knowledge hiding depresses outcomes at the individual, team, and organizational levels, yet its causes are not sufficiently studied. This research studied numerous vital antecedents of knowledge hiding that are previously not examined together. We used social learning theory to explain the mechanism and conditions that induce knowledge hiding. The three-phased data were collected from 121 sales and marketing employees working in life insurance companies of Pakistan through an online survey using the measures validated in prior research. The results supported that self-serving leadership propels knowledge hiding in subordinates by signalling tolerability of such behavior. The employee Machiavellianism and a competitive work environment strengthened this relationship. The findings add to the literature on leadership and knowledge hiding behavior by examining how workers perceive knowledge hiding signals from their leaders, especially when the leader himself demonstrates self-serving conduct. The implications of these findings for theory and practices are discussed. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar in Management, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar in Management, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/following-in-the-footsteps-an-empirical-model-of-leadersignaled-knowledge-hiding-by-subordinates https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Influence Of Electronic Service Quality Dimensions On Consumer E-Trust: An E-Commerce Perspective Kiran Manzoor Tayyaba Arshad Nadeem Uz Zaman E-Trust Electronic Service Quality E-Commerce A research model has been developed to study the relationship between e-service quality domains and consumer e-trust. A survey method was used to gather data. The online consumers were the unit of analysis. For checking reliability and measurement model validity, we go through confirmatory factor analysis. The technique of structural equation modelling was also used. The result presented that e-trust has been affected by all the e-s-qual dimensions. Some recommendations for further studies are to use distinct methodologies, such as focus groups and interviews. Study the e-trust in online contexts from other perspectives too. Practical implications suggest that marketers should take emphasis on enhancing customer e-trust by providing good website service qualities. Better marketing strategies should be developed by online stores so as to address consumer e-trust. Likewise, the study result provides valuable information to marketing managers, especially dealing with online stores. This study provides interesting internet marketing knowledge to researchers as well. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Assistant Professor, University of Balochistan , Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-influence-of-electronic-service-quality-dimensions-on-consumer-etrust-an-ecommerce-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Authentic Leadership, Organizational Culture on Employee's Job Satisfaction Zargham Ullah Khan Hammad Ghafoor Bilawal Iqbal Organization Study Various Satisfaction Influence This study aimed to investigate the link between flexible-oriented culture and job satisfaction. It analyzedthe data collected by 571 individuals who work for a private organization. The study focused on the factorsthat influence the commitment of employees in the service sector in Bangladesh. Some of these include team orientation,transformational leadership, and stability. The study also identified various factors that can influence a service sectoremployee's commitment. These findings will help business managers in their efforts to improve the effectiveness of theirorganizations. Humanity Publications Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPA Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan MPA Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-authentic-leadership-organizational-culture-on-employees-job-satisfaction https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Challenges Faced by Teachers while Adopting Digital Pedagogy during Covid-19 Pandemic in Pakistani Universities Najeeb Niamatullah Qayyam Dashti Digital Pedagogy Technological Complexities in Pedagogy Teachers’ Training Content Delivery Students’ Assessment Impacts of COVID-19 caused an immediate shut down in higher education worldwide. However, in response, higher education sectors adopted instructional technologies and shifted face to face classes into online classes. This sudden and unexpected transition challenged teachers, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. This study aimed to explore teachers’ teaching challenges during the pandemic. Data for the research were collected from three Pakistani universities; LUAWMS, University of Baluchistan and Turbat University, from the teachers' population through a self-developed questionnaire. In return, from 80 sent questionnaires via WhatsApp and E-mail, only71 well-filled responses were analyzed by SPSS (version 20). The findings examined teachers’ challenges in four areas;difficulty in immediate adoption of technology in pedagogy, challenges in online content delivery, satisfaction with students’ online assessment, and satisfaction with availability of resources for online classes. Moreover, the interpreted data have been explained and suggestions have been given for future study. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Faculty of Education, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan. Department of Economics, University of Turbat, Turbat, Balochistan, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/challenges-faced-by-teachers-while-adopting-digital-pedagogy-during-covid19-pandemic-in-pakistani-universities https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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ESG and Financial Performance in the Case of Malaysia Surayya Jamal Muhammad Faizan Malik Wisal Ahmed ESG Financial Performance ROA ROE Tobin’s Q GMM Environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors are an effective growth phenomenon for the achievement of a firm’s objectives. The main aim of this study is to determine the impact of ESG on financial performance. The study adopts the sample of available non-financial firms listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange of Malaysia from 2010 to 2020. The study employs two methods for calculating the dependent variable. One is an accounting-based approach and the other is market-based. This study contributes to the literature by using country-level governance factors instead of firm-level. The data is collected from Refinitiv Data-stream and WGI. This study applied GMM for the analysis of panel data. The result depicts that social and governance influence the ROA. The environmental factors increase ROE while social and governance decrease. Social and governance influence long-term market performance.The outcome of the study provides policy directions and practical implications to better understand the ESG factors. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Institute of Business and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/esg-and-financial-performance-in-the-case-of-malaysia https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The trend in WC Management and its Impact on Firms Performance: A Case of PSX-100 Index Yousaf Khan Shah Hussain Muhammad Israr Working Capital Management Account Payable Cash-Conversion-Cycle Account Receivable Inventory Regression Analysis The intention is to investigate the trends in WC management and the association of managing working capital with the firm’s performance. Return of total Assets is the proxy to measure the firm’s performance and its association with the variables representing the WCM is studied for a sample of 54 firms for the period 2004-2010.The variables like invdays and ardays show a considerable effect on the firm’s earning capability. The study proved a direct and considerable affiliation between the firm liquid position with its performance. Profitability and the firm’s size have a prominent positive association. The association between the debts ratio and the firm’s performance is inverse but this association is insignificant. Similarly, the results show insignificant relation between the profitability and the cash gap and account payable in days. The results show that there is an imperious role of better managing firm working capital with the firm’s performance. Humanity Publications National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan MS Scholor, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholor, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-trend-in-wc-management-and-its-impact-on-firms-performance-a-case-of-psx100-index https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Knowledge Hiding on Project Success: The Moderating Role of Task Interdependence Wajiha Batool Ali Sheraz Bugti Muhammad Asad Knowledge hiding Project Success Task Interdependence For maintaining a competitive mindset in a company there are different kinds of tactics used for knowledge sharing in an organization but there is a new concept known as knowledge hiding and we would be discussing how knowledge hiding could be beneficial for an organization. For better understanding and results this study is also supported by questionnaire data. The sample size comprised 123 respondents. The results indicate that knowledge hiding is negatively linked with project success and results further confirm the moderating role of task interdependence between knowledge hiding and project success. Humanity Publications Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Lecturer of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-knowledge-hiding-on-project-success-the-moderating-role-of-task-interdependence https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Vacillate the Performance of Textile Sector after the Merger: A Case of Shahzad Textile Mills Limited (STM) Zargham Ullah Khan Awais Boota Mir Ghulam Hyder STM Merger Profitability Financial Performance Accounting Ratios Liquidity Before and after the merger of Shahzad Textile Mills Limited (STM), the financial performance of the company was analyzed. The analysis was carried out using 12 vital ratios and the financial statements for eight years (2008-2016). After getting the results of pre and post-merger (short-run) and post-merger long-run analysis forecasting was done from 2017-2020 which will help management to eliminate uncertainty in future. The analysis was carried out to eliminate the uncertainty in the future. The results of the analysis revealed that the financial performance of the company has been satisfactory after the merger. The long-term results of the analysis revealed that the financial performance of the company was poor before and after the merger. The merger did not provide the company with many benefits over the long run. Humanity Publications Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPA, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/vacillate-the-performance-of-textile-sector-after-the-merger-a-case-of-shahzad-textile-mills-limited-stm https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Impact of Proactive Career Behavior On Subjective Career Success Of Employees The Moderating Role Of Career Mentoring Arishma Imtiaz Nimra Urooj Zakria Mujtaba Proactive Career Behavior Subjective Career Success Career Mentoring The study and the nature of the research define proactive career behavior and subjective career success,which have a positive relationship when an employee thinks about his/her career and its success of it. A survey was conducted with a sample size of 200. The questionnaires was filled by the employees of different firms,educational institutions, and organizations in which there were three variables one was proactive career behavior, the second was subjective career success, and the third was mentoring, which were mentioned before the results after the test was positive and significant by which we understand that there is a direct and positive relationship among our two variables,but our moderator doesn't have the effect we were expected to have the moderator was insignificant, and the result was negative with proactive career behavior, and subjective career success and the results are discussed. Humanity Publications Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-proactive-career-behavior-on-subjective-career-success-of-employees-the-moderating-role-of-career-mentoring https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings in Hospitality Sector of United States of America: Using Two-Step System GMM Majid Mumtaz Wisal Ahmad Yousaf Khan Determinants Hospitality Sectors GMM This study investigates the determinants of cash holding in the Hospitality sector in the USA for the period of 14 years from 2005-to 2018. The selection of 2005 as a base year was due to Thomson Reuter Data Stream registered with International Classification Benchmark (ICB). Determinants i.e. LVG, CF-V, and LQTY,have a positive impact, while SZE, CP-EXP, GR_OPP, CACF, A-INT, DDD, and SX have a negative impact on cash holding. Furthermore, model 2 shows a sub-sector where Restaurant and bar is taken as a reference year. Airlines companies retain excess for their operating activities while Hotel is found significant but prevail a negative coefficient. So, they may easily access to financial market easily. Unfortunately, other sub-sector, i-e, gambling, recreational activities, and tours and Travels, are found insignificant. The estimated sign prevails that there is no issue of auto correlation. While Ho of Hansen's test indicates that there is no issue of explanatory variable and error terms. Humanity Publications PhD Candidate, Institute of Business Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Kpk, Pakistan. National University of Modern Languages (NUML). 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/determinants-of-corporate-cash-holdings-in-hospitality-sector-of-united-states-of-america-using-twostep-system-gmm https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Gender Role and Managing Responsibilities: A Case Study of Women with Male Migration in Mirpur Azad Kashmir Mahwish Zeeshan Sadaf Zaheer Emigrant Gender Responsibilities Male Migration Women Role The decision to migrate actively involves women as they gradually take on increased responsibilities in running the households on their own, for the health and education of their children, and management of their funds and properties. The research was conducted in Mirpur Azad Kashmir, which aimed to study the effects of male out-migration on the females of the emigrants’ families. The data collected was qualitative with a descriptive research methodology. In-depth interviews and case studies are the tools of research. The study’s findings reveal three types of effects on the women of these families. First is women’s autonomy, second revolves around financial hardship and increased responsibilities. Third, it is termed a consequence of weakening or strengthening the relationship between husband and wife. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Sc Student, Department of Anthropology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/gender-role-and-managing-responsibilities-a-case-study-of-women-with-male-migration-in-mirpur-azad-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Factors Affecting the Profitability of Banks in Pakistan Usman Anwar Chughtai Muhammad Abid Adnan Rasheed Profitability Return on Assets Bank Specific Factors External Factors This study examines the relationship between bank-specific and external factors on the Banks’ profitability in Pakistan from the time span of 2006 to 2012. In this study, 11 variables have been selected after reviewing relevant past literature. Variables include 1 dependent variable (i.e. Profitability), and 10 independent variables, out of which 7are internal/bank-specific and 3 are external variables. Internal factors include Liquidity, deposits, bank Size, expense management, credit risk, capital, and loans whereas external factors include economic growth (GDP), Interest rate and Inflation.The experimental consequences have shown that internal/Bank specific and external factors have a strong impact on the profitability of banks in Pakistan. In model 1 Independent Variables include Deposits, expense management, credit risk, bank Size, Inflation and Gross Domestic Product has a significant impact on profitability whereas in Model 2 expense management was insignificant Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/factors-affecting-the-profitability-of-banks-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Critical Impact of Better Civil Services Reforms on the Better Governance of the Country: A Study of Pakistan Ujala Siddiq Zargham Ullah Khan Umm e Aiman Services Civil Public Government A long history of poor management, rampant corruption, and politicization of civil service has left Pakistan in an economic quagmire, inequitable growth, and political instability. Pakistan’s civil service,by all parameters, has failed to provide effective service delivery and other basic services of public welfare. In the public eye,the country’s civil service officers are seen as non-compliant and least responsive, and uncompassionate behavior coupled with bureaucratic hurdles further aggravate the exploitation of the common masses. The lack of transparency and the military's ability to interfere in the public domain have raised concerns about the state's ability to maintain order. The government should prioritize reforms to transform the Armed Forces into a more effective and efficient organization. Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan has made many attempts to reform civil services, but no real change on the ground calls for turning the elusive dream of civil service delivery into reality. If the flaws of an unreformed bureaucracy remain unaddressed, the government may risk its chances of gaining public support. Humanity Publications VF Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan/Ph.D. Scholar, UMT, University of Malaysia Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Masters In Public Administration, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-critical-impact-of-better-civil-services-reforms-on-the-better-governance-of-the-country-a-study-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(VI-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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A Study of Takaful Pakistan: Evidence from Hemayah Takaful Peshawar Atiqa Mehreen Qamar Ali Khan Takaful Hemayah EFU This study is about the management and general affair of EFU Hemayah Takaful Peshawar office, which is a sub brand of EFU Life Assurance Limited representing the Window Takaful Operations of the company. This study was conducted through informal interviews and personal observations. To know how and to what extent did the technological advancement bring changes in management activities? The main purpose of this study is to provide the students an opportunity to work and see the implementation of their background professional studies. Hemayah is a dedicated Shariah compliant window Takaful brand, it provides a wide range of Shariah-compliant financial plans. Humanity Publications Institute of Management Studies, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Institute of Business and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakiatan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-takaful-pakistan-evidence-from-hemayah-takaful-peshawar https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2022(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Internet Banking; Challenges in Pakistan Zia Ur Rahman Qazi Waseem Jan Waqar Ahmad Internet Banking Challenges Financial Transactions Internet banking has made the financial transaction very easy to be carried out. In Pakistan as the internet banking is comparatively new and same is the case with financial transactions, there are some problems in performing or carrying out financial transactions. So a study was needed to point out the problems and weak points in internet banking. Questionnaire is used for data collection. Data has been collected from the available bank account holders from different regions in Pakistan. The research found people do not use internet banking. There is little awareness about internet banking. People’s perception about internet banking is not good because of the perceived risk. There is also a group of people who don’t use internet banking. By analyzing data taken from the respondents some recommendations are made. If those recommendations are applied then it is expected that most of the people will start using internet banking. Humanity Publications Data Collection & Monitoring Assistant, Education Monitoring Authority, Elementary and Secondary Education Department. KP, Pakistan. Admin Assistant, National Transmission & Dispatch Company. Computer Operator, Education Monitoring Authority, Elementary and Secondary Education Department. KP, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/internet-banking-challenges-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2022(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Financial Performance of Islamic Banks: Evidence from Pakistan Shah Nawaz Corporate Social Responsibility Financial Performance Islamic Banks Pakistan This study investigate the corporate social responsibilities and their effect on the financial performance of Pakistani and Malaysian Islamic banks, as well as to compare the CSR practices of both of these countries. The research was conducted using quantitative methods, and the sample consisted of four banks from Pakistan's neighboring countries as well as eight full-fledged Islamic financial institutions. In the Pakistani study, a representative sample was drawn from the entire population of banks, whereas in the Malaysian study, a random sampling approach was used for both the selection of banks and the data collection. The findings indicate that the bank, through its participation in corporate social activities, plays an essential position in the community. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Return on Asset, Return on Equity, Earning per share, Net Income Financial performance, Islamic banks, Pakistan and Malaysia. Humanity Publications Phd Scholar, Department of Islamic Banking & Finance, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-corporate-social-responsibility-on-the-financial-performance-of-islamic-banks-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2022(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Financial Inclusion on the Economic Growth of Pakistan: Evidence from Pakistan Muhammad Najeeb Talat Hussain Financial Inclusion Economic Growth and Pakistan The core objective of this research work is to explorer the link of financial inclusion with the economic growth of Pakistan. The data for this research is too collected from the time period of 2010 – 2021. The main dependent variable of this research study is economic growth (% GPD OF Pakistan). Financial inclusion was measure through the financial inclusion indicator. The research works found that financial inclusion has positive and significant influence on economic growth. The research work suggest to the policy maker that accelerate the financial inclusion inductors and enhance economic growth. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Islamic Banking & Finance, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Banking & Finance, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-financial-inclusion-on-the-economic-growth-of-pakistan-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2022(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Conventional Banks Specific Determinant on the Financial Performance: Evidence from Pakistan Ikram ul Haq Mohammad Ayaz Asset Age Management Size Capital Adequacy Ratio Profitability and Pakistan The determination for the study is to find the impact of the Islamic banks (IB) determinant on their profitability. The research is taken the date form the time period of the 2007 to 2017 of the 11 year Islamic banks of the Pakistan to the check the impact of the Islamic banks performance (IBP). The multiple regression approach was use in this research study. Descriptive, Correlation, ANOVA and regression analysis used in the research study. The Islamic banks were measured through the Return on asset (ROA). The SPSS statistical tools were used in the research study. The finding of this research study is that the all determinant of the Islamic banks is playing a significant role of the Islamic banks profitability/performance. The bank’s asset management, operating efficiency, total asset (size) and bank age has significant impact on the Islamic profitability. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Islamic Banking & Finance, The Hassan Murad Business School, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Banking & Finance, The Hassan Murad Business School, University of Management and Technology, Lahore. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/conventional-banks-specific-determinant-on-the-financial-performance-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2022(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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E-Commerce Adoption: Enablers within Small and Medium–Sized Enterprises in Punjab Salah Ud Din Ahmad Muhammad Nawaz E-commerce Drivers Benefits Small and Medium Sized Enterprises The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of e-commerce on Small and Medium–Medium-sized enterprises in Punjab a province of Pakistan. There is resistance to the adoption of e-commerce in certain parts of underdeveloped countries, even though the most successful companies have adopted e-commerce and gained increasing success. This study describes the drivers for e-commerce adoption and investigates the benefits obtained by the companies when they adopt e-commerce. The targeted population for the study was the Small and Medium Sized Companies registered in the Lahore District of Punjab province of Pakistan. The Study selected 400 SMEs in the Lahore District. A structured adapted questionnaire was used to collect the data. The quantitative approach was adopted. Seven dimensions namely ecommerce adoption, top management support, perceived benefits, adoption cost, payment mode/type government support and technology awareness and knowledge were measured by using the Likert scale measurement items, acknowledging the previous studies. The results revealed that top management support, perceived benefits, adoption cost, payment mode/type and technology awareness and knowledge had a significant positive influence on e-commerce adoption within SMEs while government support had a negative influence on e-commerce adoption. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management and Economics, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/ecommerce-adoption-enablers-within-small-and-mediumsized-enterprises-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2023(VIII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Macro and Micro Economic Variables on Volatility of Stock Prices: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan's Cement Industry Lala Rukh Shafiq Ur Rehman Alam Zeb Volatility Inflation Return on Equity The stock market is the instrument employed for the efficient use and accessibility of funds. The study looks at the macro and micro factors that influence how volatile stock market prices might be. The CPI, which measures inflation, EPS, or earnings per share, GDP, or gross domestic product, and ROE, or return on asset, are the macro variables examined in this study. One considers the stock price to be a dependent variable. The Pakistan Stock Exchange's (PSX) list of cement sector businesses is taken. The entire cement industry sector was chosen, but the number of companies decreased from twenty-two to just fifteen. The remaining companies were eliminated since the data was not available. In the current analysis, ten years of data—from 2012 to 2020—are used. Panel regression models are utilized while keeping in mind the nature of the data; yet, standard deviation and data dispersion are used for volatility. Humanity Publications Assistant professor, Centre for Management & Commerce, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Commerce & Management Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Tourism and Hotel Management, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-macro-and-micro-economic-variables-on-volatility-of-stock-prices-empirical-evidence-from-pakistans-cement-industry https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2023(VIII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Role of Big Data Analytics Capability to Achieve Competitive Advantage with the Mediation of Business Model Innovation: A Dynamic Capability View Syed Aamir Alam Rizvi Mohsin Ali Hasan Raza Big Data Competitive Advantage Innovation Dynamic Capability The research aims to identify the function of big data analytics to attain competitive advantage through the mediation of business model innovation.260 samples were taken from experts in Pakistan's manufacturing & service sectors. Data analysis was done using (Smart PLS). The findings demonstrate that big data analysis capability (BDAC) has a considerable impact on competitive advantage. By using big data, companies can make rational, data-driven decisions to satisfy customers, sustain and resilient supply chain management, low production costs, and efficient and effective business operations. Similar to how BC affects competitive advantage, business model innovation partially mediates this effect. Additionally, the influence of BDAC on both competitive advantages & new business model innovation is moderated by organizational IT infrastructure. This research presents a unique scenario of big data analytics in which firms use bid data inside to innovate their established business models, resulting in considerable competitive advantage in emerging countries like Pakistan. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, National Textile University, Karachi Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-big-data-analytics-capability-to-achieve-competitive-advantage-with-the-mediation-of-business-model-innovation-a-dynamic-capability-view https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2023(VIII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Green Packaging, Perceived Consumer Effectiveness, and Social Influence on Green Consumption Behavior: The Mediating Role of Green Satisfaction and the Moderating Role of Environmental Awareness Hassan Farooq Muhammad Bilal Majid Bilal Majid Hina Ahmed Green Packaging Perceived Consumer Effectiveness Social Influence The purpose of this study was to look at how green packaging, perceived consumer effectiveness, and social influence affect green consumption behaviour, as well as the moderating role of environmental awareness and the mediating role of green satisfaction. As consumers show signs of growing environmental consciousness and increased willingness to purchase green products. In order to gather information for this purpose, 290 Pakistani consumers of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) were surveyed. The research hypotheses were evaluated for validity using the PLS-SEM technique. Green packaging, perceived consumer effectiveness, and social influence all positively influence green satisfaction. Furthermore, green satisfaction positively influences green consumption behaviour. Finally, the study discovered that environmental awareness does not influence the relationship between PCE and green satisfaction. The theoretical and managerial implications, research limitations, and future directions have all been addressed. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Chaudhary Abdul Rehman Business School (CARBS), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Chaudhary Abdul Rehman Business School (CARBS), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-green-packaging-perceived-consumer-effectiveness-and-social-influence-on-green-consumption-behavior-the-mediating-role-of-green-satisfaction-and-the-moderating-role-of-environmental-awareness https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2023(VIII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Ethical Leadership on Knowledge Sharing: A Mediating Model of Moral Efficacy and Positive Reciprocity Adil Sufyan Qayum Muhammad Shafiq Amna Manzoor EL KS Positive Reciprocity Moral Efficacy In the banking industry of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the current study examined the direct and indirect effects of EL on employees' KS through positive reciprocity and moral efficacy. The study used G*power analysis to determine an acceptable sample size in order to meet its objectives. Based on power, effect size, and significant level, G*Power was used to determine that the sample size of 291 is suitable for this investigation. A survey questionnaire was used to gather information from the intended respondents. It was verified that the scale was reliable. It was discovered that EL and employee KS have a strong correlation. It implies that if a business has EL, then its personnel will exhibit high levels of KS behaviors. Furthermore, it was discovered that the association between EL and KS is partially mediated by moral efficacy and positive reciprocity. Because of this, the link between EL KS and moral efficacy is not entirely direct; rather, some effects flow directly through moral efficacy and positive reciprocity. Future research directions and implications were also emphasized. Humanity Publications Department of Institute of Business & Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Institute of Business & Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Institute of Business & Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effect-of-ethical-leadership-on-knowledge-sharing-a-mediating-model-of-moral-efficacy-and-positive-reciprocity https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2023(VIII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Directive Leadership Skills and Visionary Leadership Skills: Impact of In-Service Training Among Educational Managers of Punjab Muhammad Abbas Muhammad Sarwar Raza Ur Rehman In-Service Training Directive Leadership School Managers Professional Development Leadership Skills. The current quantitative study aimed to determine the impact of Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED) in-service training on the directive leadership skills of educational managers from the Punjab province. The study sample was 359 through a random sampling technique from the Punjab province. Data were collected through adopted questionnaires from indicators of QAED used during in-service training sessions. A Google form was designed based on a five-point Likert scale to get online data from the participants. Most participants showed significant progress in result-driven, decisive leadership capabilities regarding setting academic goals, monitoring instructional performance, and making decisions after in-service training. Moreover, the positive response also explored the impact of in-service training in developing competencies such as vision, communication, objective oversight procedures, and evidence-based action that allow one to be transformed. The development of such directive leadership is necessary for school improvement in challenging environments. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar (Education), Superior University, Subject Specialist QAED Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor & Dean, Faculty of Education, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/directive-leadership-skills-and-visionary-leadership-skills-impact-of-inservice-training-among-educational-managers-of-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Toward Digital Resilience: Strategies for Promoting Positive Mental Health in the Age of Social Media Shahid Kaleem Khan Aamir Sohail Mahvish Fatima Kashif Mental health Social Media Anxiety Depression Digital age The advent of social media may be considered as the most profound modification in communication patterns, particularly among young people. This research elucidates the tie between social media use and the mental health performance of young adults from a public health perspective. The study showed relationship between social media engagement and mental well-being is quite complex. Besides, positive social relationships and social support were found among online communities, analyzing the given research it was shown that this one could stem the negativity. Moreover, research urges the government to enhance public health activities to encourage young people to have good social media habits and they should be digitally resistant. This study takes a holistic approach to the involvement of social media in mental health hack issues with the purpose of developing strategic measures to mitigate the negative aspects and improve well-being in the digital era. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Thal University, Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Thal University, Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/toward-digital-resilience-strategies-for-promoting-positive-mental-health-in-the-age-of-social-media https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Corporate Governance on Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theoretical Review Muhammad Shoaib Farooq Shah Shiraz Khan Social Responsibility Endogenous Corporation Conflict. The major points are summed up in this. Looking at the causal effects of these two forms of governance on CSR involvement, the goal of this work is to establish the empirical link between "corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR)". Initially, delayed "Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)" seems to have minimal effect on "Corporate Governance (CG)". On the other hand, delaying the CG variable favours corporate involvement in CSR projects. This is still the case when one takes into account other aspects unique to the company. We use a sizable and varied American sample. Agency theory and stakeholder theory are examined in connection to CFP and CSR. The purpose is to prioritise these three concepts. Despite endogeneity bias, CSR actions boost corporate CFP. The facts do not support stakeholder conflict-resolution theory or agency CSR overinvestment hypothesis. CFP growth is also driven by company diversification, worker, community, and environment programmes. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Public Administration, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, CECOS University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences at CECOS University Peshawar,KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effect-of-corporate-governance-on-corporate-social-responsibility-a-theoretical-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Improving Workforce Development in Pakistan to Foster Sustainable Economic Growth: An Analysis from the Field of Human Resource Management Arfan Ahmed Syed Arif Hussain Syed Usman Shahid HRM SDGs Workforce Development Management. Pakistan's population is dynamic and quickly expanding, presenting a one-of-a-kind opportunity for economic growth and development. The aim of this article is to explore how Human Resource Management could significantly help in closing the skills gap, developing a culture of lifelong learning, increasing innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancing employability and retention, and generating capable, adaptable, diverse, and inclusive workforces. A mixed-methods approach to measure the effectiveness of the HRM practices was conducted for the purpose of establishing whether or not the HRM practices in Pakistan favored the development of sustainable economic growth. According to the data collected from two hundred HR experts and workers from diverse sectors, training programs were a key HRM practice for seventy-two percent of the organizations in Pakistan. However, only forty-five percent of the respondents indicated that they had a performance management system that was supported by unique career life stages. Humanity Publications PhD, Management Sciences, Hamdard University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Criminology, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD, Department of Management Sciences, Hamdard University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/improving-workforce-development-in-pakistan-to-foster-sustainable-economic-growth-an-analysis-from-the-field-of-human-resource-management https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Customer Loyalty with Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction, Corporate Image, and Positive Word of Mouth in Pakistan's Hotel Industry Bushra Pervaiz Muhammad Qasim Manzoor Rabia Pervaiz Awan Customers' Perception of CSR Customers’ Loyalty Customers’ Satisfaction Corporate Image Positive Word of Mouth PLS‐SEM Hotels in Pakistan. The relationship among customers' perception of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Customers' Loyalty (CL), Corporate Image (CI), Customers' Satisfaction (SAT), and Positive Word‐of‐Mouth p(WOM) has been explored extensively in the literature, however, the mediation effect of these constructs between customers' perception of CSR and CL in a single comprehensive model has least been studied. Therefore, the instant research examined the influence of customers' perception of CSR on CL by mediating the impact of SAT, CI, and p(WOM). A comprehensive survey was conducted for the customers of different hotels in Pakistan in 2023. The data from 299 respondents was analyzed by employing PLS‐SEM. The findings revealed that customers' perception of CSR positively impacted SAT, CI, and p(WOM), which in turn influenced Customers' Loyalty (CL). Furthermore, results affirmed that SAT, CI, and p(WOM) mediated the relationship between CSR and CL. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD, Assistant Chief, Planning & Development Board, Government of Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-corporate-social-responsibility-csr-on-customer-loyalty-with-mediating-role-of-customer-satisfaction-corporate-image-and-positive-word-of-mouth-in-pakistans-hotel-industry https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Boom and Bust Cycles of the World's Financial System and Islamic Modes of Finance as a Sustainable Alternative Tauheed Ullah Siddiqui Hafiz Muhammad Naeem Muhammad Musa World Financial System Boom & Bust Cycle Debt Islamic Finance Credit Alternative The conventional financial system is based on credit financing. Banks advance loans to borrowers, charging interest thereupon and passing a portion to depositors/investors. Over the centuries, the world has been experiencing financial up and down cycles after every few decades. Global Financial Crisis of 2008 was the latest among all. The common thing in all these crises was the massive capital infusion of public into irrational speculative investments. On the contrary, Islamic financial system functions wholly on equity-based financing. Instead of offering credit, they offer to invest in assets either together with clients or exclusively. In former, both become partners whereas in the latter, bank becomes buyer by advancing finance and client becomes a seller. In this article an attempt would be made to analyse key actors of the financial crises and their aftermath on the World’s financial system and to explore Islamic modes of financing as a sustainable alternative. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Law, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Research Associate, Department of Islamic History & Civilization, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Malaysia. PhD Scholar, IIUM Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance, International Islamic University, Malaysia. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/boom-and-bust-cycles-of-the-worlds-financial-system-and-islamic-modes-of-finance-as-a-sustainable-alternative https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Celebrity Credibility on Brand Passion and Brand Loyalty Zargham Ullah Khan Tania Arshad Naveed Alam Celebrity Endorser Attractiveness Celebrity Endorser Expertise Celebrity Endorser Trustworthiness Brand Passion Brand Loyalty. The objective of this study is to assess how celebrity credibility influences brand passion and brand loyalty. Various statistical techniques were employed, including structural equation modeling, descriptive analysis, correlation, regression, reliability, and frequency analyses. Findings revealed that for customers of clothing brands, the expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness of celebrity endorsers were crucial predictors of brand loyalty. Additionally, the study found that brand passion positively influenced brand loyalty. Furthermore, brand passion significantly and positively mediated the connection between brand loyalty and celebrity endorsers. This insight is beneficial for companies that do not use celebrities or company management in their brand promotion strategies.The study was purely quantitative, employing closed‐ended questions with preset responses, which limited participants from offering feedback beyond the provided choices. Future studies might consider using a mixed‐method approach. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Pakistan 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effect-of-celebrity-credibility-on-brand-passion-and-brand-loyalty https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Scope of Human Resources Management in Educational Leadership and Management in Institutions in Pakistan: Challenges and Remedial Measures Shah Nawaz Sahito Sheikh Tariq Mehmood Human Resource Management (HRM) Educational institutions Political involvement Inadequate resources Strategic initiatives Human Resource Management is crucial to schools and other educational institutions because it provides qualified candidates for positions. Pakistani educational institutions face HRM concerns such as political involvement, culture, and inadequate resources. These obstacles prevent the integration of HRM practices and hinder their alignment with institutional strategic initiatives. This article discusses HRM methods in Pakistani educational organizations, significant concerns, and how they affect strategic direction. Interviews with educational leaders and structured survey questionnaires are used in the work. Poor staff involvement, outdated staff training, and opposition to innovative HRM approaches worsened by political influence and insufficient resources are internal risks. The report emphasizes the necessity for effective leadership development programs and ideal HRM models that follow international principles for local conditions. Innovation, personnel development, and policy changes to decrease political influence and funding are recommended. Humanity Publications Additional Director, Directorate of Curriculum Assessment and Research, Govt of Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of ELM (Educational Leadership & Management), Faculty of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/scope-of-human-resources-management-in-educational-leadership-and-management-in-institutions-in-pakistan-challenges-and-remedial-measures https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Price on Consumer Responses: A Theoretical Review Safi Ullah Saira Azeem Social Responsibility Consumer Responses Price The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of pricing and corporate social responsibility on consumer reactions. To examine the impact of corporate social responsibility on pricing, a set of hypothetical situations was devised, focusing on two specific domains: the environment and charitable activities. An extensive analysis of the nation's population reveals that corporate social responsibility spans all of these areas of operation. This factor significantly influences both the assessment of a company's value and the intention to make a purchase. Moreover, with regard to the environment, the impact of corporate social responsibility on the inclination to make a purchase was significantly stronger than the influence of cost. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Business & Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Alamzeb Shaheed Government Girls Commerce College, Dalazak Road, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-effects-of-corporate-social-responsibility-and-price-on-consumer-responses-a-theoretical-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Dark Side of Globalization: Corporate Pitfall in Cross-National Mergers and Acquisitions Hina Mushtaq Aisha Imtiaz Muhammad Ishtiaq Globalization Cross-National mergers and acquisitions United Kingdom United Arab Emirates Diversification Integration Failures Negative Effects of M&A This study explores the challenges and complexities of cross-national mergers and acquisitions. The study made use of qualitative data that was gathered from employees of companies that have recently undergone M&A in the UAE and the UK in 2024. The findings have shown that the key motivations for M&A are diversification, market consolidation, and expansion. However, with these benefits, M&A brings the challenges of cultural misalignment, integration failures, loss of trust of stakeholders, and overvaluation of the targeted companies. Moreover, the study has also found that the negative effects are more prominent in the hospitality sector, where there are more chances of employee resistance, reduced customer loyalty, increased operational costs, and communication breakdowns. Finally, the study has recommended strategies like conducting thorough due diligence, increasing two-way communication, and fostering a strong organizational culture. To recapitulate, M&A does offer opportunities for growth and success but these come with risks and challenges. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/dark-side-of-globalization-corporate-pitfall-in-crossnational-mergers-and-acquisitions https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Entrepreneurship on Exports in Developing Countries Muhammad Mueen Arslan Tariq Rana Muhammad Ilyas Ansari Exports Entrepreneurship Fixed Effects Generalized Method of Moments. Entrepreneurship plays an important role in shaping a country’s economy, particularly in developing countries where it has an effect on export performance. Entrepreneurship fosters innovation, identifies new market opportunities, and improves productivity, which helps in expanding exports. This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurship on exports in developing countries. For this purpose, panel data has been taken from the year 2001 to 2020. Generalized method of moments (GMM), Fixed effect (FE), and First difference methods have been used to analyze the impact of entrepreneurship on exports. The empirical results reveal the significant and positive effects of entrepreneurship on exports in developing countries. However, in lower-middle-income countries, the results are mixed. For upper-middle income countries, the results are positive and significant. The results of the study suggest that policymakers need to work on improvement and more investment in entrepreneurship in order to boost exports. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Center for General Education, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-entrepreneurship-on-exports-in-developing-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Leadership Dynamics and Organizational Performance: The Critical Role of Employee Motivation in SMEs Shahid Kalim Khan Aamir Sohail Naqash Ali Leadership Style Employee Motivation Organizational Performance SME’s The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of leadership as a management strategy on motivation and organizational performance in SMEs. Employing a quantitative research approach under the overall umbrellaof positivism, the study aimed at reaching managerial employees working in SMEs, despite their significance for the economy and constant management and motivation issues. The participants were 350 managerial professionals, forming a growing population to maximize statistical reliability. The primary method of data collection involved Likert scales in questionnaire surveys, while for the analysis (PLS-SEM), Smart PLS was used. This research established that there is a positive correlation between leadership behavior, organizational commitment, and organizational output in SMEs. The results of this study, therefore, stress the importance of leadership and motivation in boosting organizational performance and make a strong call to SMEs to track their efforts towards bettering these elements intheir operations to gain better performance results. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Thal University Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Thal University Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Business Administration Thal University Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/leadership-dynamics-and-organizational-performance-the-critical-role-of-employee-motivation-in-smes https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effects of Technological Advancement on the Functioning of Small and Midsize Enterprises (SMEs) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Wajahat Hussain Naveed Change Management SMEs Innovation Technological Change Performance Technological transformation aims to investigate small and medium-sized businesses' capacity to implement novel strategies that will boost production while endangering worker efficiency. Managers of SMEs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), the province of Pakistan, made up a population sample of 273 respondents, who were compelled to do new research. The main statistical methods that are mandated are methods for linear regression. It is hypothesized that the medium-sized firm in KP's north and south areas is affected by the technological shift. The coefficient's determination (R2 = 0.101) shows that technical change accounts for 10.1% of the success observed in SME performance. When the forced p-value (0.000) matches the significance level of 0.05, it is considered statistically significant. results stated that the performance of SMEs in KP was positively and significantly impacted by technological progress. Humanity Publications Ph.D scholar, Department of Management Science, Qurtuba University of Sciences and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Science, Qurtuba University of Sciences and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effects-of-technological-advancement-on-the-functioning-of-small-and-midsize-enterprises-smes-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effects of Self-Determination and Self-Efficacy on Employees' Psychological Performance and Organizational Behaviour Muhammad Adnan Ali Khan Muhammad Raheel Self‐Efficacy Self‐Determination Psychological Performance Organizational Behaviour Self-determination and associated self-efficacy are broad theories of human motivations that have grown in importance in many domains of psychology, particularly organizational psychology, during the last four decades. This has been in development for more than four decades, with the original focus on internal motivation and its antecedents and implications. This rapidly led to a study of the relationships among motivational factors, as well as the classification of extrinsic motivation kinds in terms of autonomy. The objectives of the following research are: to evaluate the private organizations had a more effective partnership between organizations and employees that ensures better job performance, to discover that private organizations encouraged employees to work hard, to discover that employees with Bachelor's degrees had more self‐determination and improved performance in an organization. The methodology adopted was Qualitative research with data collection of 300 employees belonging to 2 private and 2 public organizations in Lahore, Pakistan. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Commerce, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtaba University, Peshawar, KP Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effects-of-selfdetermination-and-selfefficacy-on-employees-psychological-performance-and-organizational-behaviour- https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of Social Networking Sites in promoting E-commerce Business: An analysis of Entrepreneur Perception in Punjab Tanveer Hussain Ehsan Ahmad Khan Shehryar Abbasi Entrepreneurship E-Commerce Social Networking Sites Entrepreneurial Perception Punjab Pakistan Social Media Integration This research explores the interdependent relationship between e-commerce businesses and social networking sites, focusing on entrepreneurial perception in Punjab, Pakistan. Entrepreneurship involves making and managing new businesses to generate revenue, often spurred by market needs. E-commerce, including online trade, has become an integral component of modern business. This study investigates the role of social networking sites on e-commerce entrepreneurship, identifying the occurrence of social media and its potential to drive economic growth. The combination of these platforms forms a dynamic socialmarket, offering ease to both buyers and sellers.A quantitative research design is adopted, involving a questionnaire-based survey of approximately 400 e- commerce entrepreneurs and customers from South and Central Punjab. Utilizing SPSS for analysis, the study examines correlations and developments within the data. This research uncovers the intricate dynamics of e- commerce entrepreneurship, revealing diverse perceptions and behaviours. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Communication & Media Research, School of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Member of the British Association of South Asian Archives, UK. Lecturer, Media & Communication Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/role-of-social-networking-sites-in-promoting-ecommerce-business-an-analysis-of-entrepreneur-perception-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Analysis of Interest-Free Finance in Pakistan Natasha Sadiq Ali Numan Ullah Islamic Banking Murahaba Islamic Finance Sustainable Development Goals An interest-free economy plays a prominent role in the country's development. Pakistan being an Islamic country should make efforts to flourish Islamic finance in order to get the benefits of this justified and equitable Islamic economic system. The basis of interest-free finance is avoiding interest (usury) which is against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah. The present research is qualitative in nature, data is extracted from audited financial statements of the respective Islamic banks and websites. The global annual growth rate of interest-free finance is 10% and the same growth is exhibited by Islamic banks. Islamic banks are contributing to charity to achieve SDG goals under CSR. In Pakistan, the people believe Islamic banking is not un-Islamic. Islamic finance's challenges were also mentioned. The biggest challenges include a lack of qualified people, different schools of thought, no Islamic banking laws, no client awareness, and few Islamic products. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Brains Institute Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Brains Institute Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Brains Institute of Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-interestfree-finance-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Existing Green Port Sustainable Practices under Fuzzy AHP Model: A Case Study of Karachi Port Sharjeel Ahmad Syed Shahid Zaheer Zaidi H. Shahrukh Zohaib Maritime Transportation Green Port Practices Sustainable Development Environmental Pollution Control Fuzzy AHP Model Maritime transport drives globalization and international trade. Ports worldwide handle 80% of seaborne trade by volume and 70% by value. Sustainable development is more important due to unexpected worldwide environmental changes. Ports are vital to economic progress. Port construction and operation polluted the environment, prompting the green concept. The present study used the "Fuzzy AHP Model"to assess Karachi Port's sustainable green port practices based on previous research. The study identified five key characteristics of a green port: little hazardous waste handling, a weak air and water pollution control system, poor port greenery, and habitat quality maintenance below international standards at Karachi port. Future research should create and apply solutions to improve this study's prioritized features. Innovative technology, policies, and collaborations can sustain green ports. Port and regional studies uncover green port best practices and contextual differences. Monitor and evaluate strategies to adapt to changing environmental standards and maritime transport issues. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Public Administration, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Maritime Sciences, Bahria University Karachi Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/existing-green-port-sustainable-practices-under-fuzzy-ahp-model-a-case-study-of-karachi-port https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Employee Retention in the IT Industry Safi Ullah Saira Azeem Information Technology Employee Retention Organization Businesses globally encounter significant difficulty with employee turnover. The study mostly concentrated on the information technology sector. Employees are considered the most valuable resources of an organization, making it crucial for companies to retain them. Organizations are striving to retain their exceptional employees by employing strategies that support talent retention. High human turnover can negatively affect the organization's productivity and sustainability. This study aims to investigate the impact of retention strategies on personnel turnover in Pakistan's information technology industry. The study took place in Lahore, a prominent hub of information technology in Pakistan. The study examined additional criteria believed to be linked to employee turnover, such as welfare benefits, personal well-being, and corporate culture. These traits were found to be associated with employee turnover. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Business & Management Sciences (IBMS), The University of Agriculture Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Alamzeb Shaheed Government Girls Commerce College, Dalazak Road, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effect-of-employee-retention-in-the-it-industry https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Corporate Social Responsibility and Market Value: Does Foreign Ownership Matter? Vasia Maqsood Ghulam Mustafa Khurram Ashfaq Corporate Social Responsibility Market Value Foreign-Ownership Companies Act 2013 etc. This study explores the moderating role of foreign ownership in relationship between corporate social responsibilities reporting and firm market value using the cross-sectional data in the Indian context. For this purpose, this exploration takes data from 2019 of companies listed on Bombay stock exchange. Our results show that Tobin's Q is positively related to CSR but not at significant level. Foreign ownership effect on CSR spending levels and Tobin's Q has also been found negative. The investor did not perceive CSR spending positively whether the company spent more than required CSR spending or not. Future research may examine the empirical studies by taking the panel data of the Top 500 index companies. This study is relevant in the context to enhance our understanding of the value relevance of CSR and market value relationship and for getting more precise results. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, College of Commerce, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, College of Commerce, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, College of Commerce, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/corporate-social-responsibility-and-market-value-does-foreign-ownership-matter https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Transnational Turbulence: Volatility Spillover from the U.S. Political Uncertainties to the Emerging Economies of South Asia Hina Mushtaq Abdul Qayyum Muhammad Ishtiaq Volatility Spillover Markov-Switching DCC-GARCH Political Uncertainties South Asia The study explores the dynamics of volatility spillover from U.S. political uncertainties to the emerging economies of South Asia by using the Markov-Switching and a DCC-GARCH model. By using the daily data from 2000 to 2024, the study has found that the U.S. political risk has significantly affected the majority of the South Asian stock markets during the first regime. On the other hand, it has affected the stock markets of Bangladesh and Maldives during the second regime. Moreover, the transition probabilities also show a higher likelihood of remaining in the second regime of high volatility along with longer expected durations. Then, the DCC-GARCH model confirms the dependence of these markets' returns on their lagged squared residuals. Overall, the volatility spillover from the U.S. political uncertainties exists in the short run to Indian, Bangladeshi, and Maldivian stock markets, while this spillover exists in the long run for all the stock markets. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/transnational-turbulence-volatility-spillover-from-the-us-political-uncertainties-to-the-emerging-economies-of-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Effect of Ethical Leadership, Technological Advance Management, and Affective Organizational Commitment on Service Sabotage Behavior Kashif Javed Khalil Ur Rehman Abdul Rasheed Ethical Leadership (EL) Technological Advance Management (TAM) Affective Organizational Commitment (AOC) This study aims to examine how Service Sabotage Behavior (SSB) is affected by Ethical Leadership (EL), Technological Advancement Management (TAM), and Affective Organizational Commitment (AOC) in the setting of Pakistani microfinance institutions. We evaluate the role of these organizational characteristics in the incidence of service sabotage behavior among workers using regression analysis. The findings show a strong positive correlation between service sabotage behavior and all three independent variables (EL, TAM, and AOC). In particular, it has been discovered that the chance of service sabotage conduct is increased by ethical leadership, technology management, and organizational dedication, with organizational commitment having the greatest impact. The model has significant coefficients for each predictor, accounting for around 33.79% of the variation in service sabotage behavior. These results demonstrate the complexity of organizational dynamics and the potential for good organizational influences to unintentionally result in negative behaviors. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-ethical-leadership-technological-advance-management-and-affective-organizational-commitment-on-service-sabotage-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Nexus Among Administrative Environmental Innovation and Firm Financial Performance Mudassar Saleem Amir Rafique Administrative Environmental Innovation Financial Performance Internal AEI External AEI This paper explores the effect of administrative environmental innovation (AEI) on firm financial performance (FFP) by considering the dynamic capability theory and resource-based view. Specifically, this study tests the linkages between administrative environmental innovation (AEI) and firm financial performance (FFP)by using worldwide data from 685 companies from 42 countries for the period 2004 to 2020. In the final sample, we have 4368 year-annual observations.  In this study, AEI is segregated into internal AEI and external AEI.  The findings of this study show that Internal AEI and external AEI both enhance FFP under a dynamic capability approach. In this way, this study provides some managerial implications such as the implementation of AEI helps in green innovation strategy that can raise firm profitability in the long run period. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/nexus-among-administrative-environmental-innovation-and-firm-financial-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Relationship Between Social Media Marketing of Food and Health of Youth Ashraf Iqbal Muhammad Waqas Aqsa Abdul Ghani Marketing Obesity Food Social Media Habits and Health Social media is now a strong tool for promoting goods and influencing consumer behavior in the food business. Social media marketing for food has an influence that goes beyond simply increasing brand awareness of eatables. It influences our preferences, decisions, and even our health. Globally active social media platforms have billions of users giving food enterprises a large audience. This study aims to quantify the results of social media marketing. To acquire data, rational and inventive methods have been used (Abbas et al., 2019). The survey was done to assess and investigate the effects of social media marketing on Faisalabad city audiences. This goal is achieved through a creative, logical, and organized data collection process. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-social-media-marketing-of-food-and-health-of-youth https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Consumer Perception of Environmental Protection to Promote Mindful Consumption Behaviour through Mindfulness and Ascription of Responsibility Tayyba Fatima Tahir Mumtaz Awan Omer Farooq Malik Mindful Consumption Environmental Protection Mindfulness Ascription of Responsibility The fast fashion business under fire for its detrimental effects on the environment, and the economy. A lot of companies are taking ethical marketing tactics to urge consumers to be more responsible and conscious while making purchases. Study measure the impact of consumer ethical marketing perception environmental protection on mindful consumption through mindfulness and ascription of responsibility. Quantitative cross-sectional survey approach used. Test model used 321 final responses. Variance-based partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to examine the survey data. The outcomes indicated that fostering a mindful consumption behavior marketing tactics can play significant role. Consumer perception of environmental protection strategies can enhance the consumer responsibilities and their mindful mindset. Which ultimately influence their behavior. The research offers insightful information on ethical marketing tactics that local markets may use to promote mindful behavior and to support sustainable policies and practices in the fashion industry. Humanity Publications PhD scholar, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/consumer-perception-of-environmental-protection-to-promote-mindful-consumption-behaviour-through-mindfulness-and-ascription-of-responsibility https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Profitability: Evidence from Automobile Industries of Pakistan Muhammad Hamza Haroon Izhar Ahmad Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Profitability Automobile Sector Pakistan Since, the 20th century, corporate social responsibility(CSR), an essential idea, has grown in the global economy.  Its quick development, spread in various nations.  CSR is also important in emerging nations like Pakistan. Numerous studies linked CSR to both financial and non-financial corporate profitability. The present study also checks the link, if any, between CSR aspects and profitability. CSR characteristics are independent and profitability-dependent variables. Profitability, annual turnover sales, and earnings per share were employed.  The data was processed using panel data analysis and cross-sectional data. Factor Analysis(FA),Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA),and Simple Linear Regression Model(SLRM)check the dependent-independent relationship. Based on the Housman test, FEM and SEM were used to analyze panel data. The results show that CSR boosts EPS and annual turnover sales. It appears that Companies with more CSR commitment have better EPS and ATS. Evidence also implies that size improves EPS and ATS and age reduces the influence of CSR. Humanity Publications MPhil, Lecturer in Finance, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-corporate-social-responsibility-on-firm-profitability-evidence-from-automobile-industries-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effect of Training on Employee's Performance and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from Takaful Industry Arshad Ullah Training Employee performance Commitment Takaful Peshawar The research study aims to analyze the effect of Training on the employee performance and organizational commitment of the employees of the takaful industry of district Peshawar. The sample of the research study is comprised of 161 takaful employees randomly selected from different takaful organizations namely, Dawood Takaful, Jubilee Family Takaful, Adamjee Family Takaful, and Pak Qatar Takaful. Linear Regression Analysis has been applied to analyze the effect of training on employee performance and organizational commitment. It has been found that training has a significant effect on employee performance and organizational commitment. The research recommends that the HR department should provide relevant and need-based training to the employees. Moreover, it suggests that training should be provided on a regular basis to not only improve the performance of the employees but to enhance the organization's commitment. Humanity Publications General Manager, Smart Solution and Developers (SSD Group of Companies), Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effect-of-training-on-employees-performance-and-organizational-commitment-evidence-from-takaful-industry https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Impact of Unfair Compensation on Employee Morale, Job Satisfaction, and Performance: A Quantitative Analysis in Pakistan’s Health Sector Syed Kashan Ali Shah Zulfiqar Ali Muhammad Tariq Unfair Compensation Employee Morale Job Satisfaction Employee Performance Equity Theory PLS-SEM Compensation Fairness India IT Sector Organizational Justice The main aim of this article is to investigate how the unjust compensation structure affects the motivation, contentment, and performance of Pakistani healthcare professionals working for different healthcare institutions. The theoretical foundation of this study is based on equity theory. The authors administered a self-completed structured questionnaire survey to 381 employees from a variety of organizational sectors, using a PLS-SEM technique to analyze the relationships between variables. The outcomes from this research show that perceived unfair compensation decreases organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction, and performance. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of compensation equity and offer practical recommendations for human resource managers to improve organizational success through the correction of pay disparities. It highlights the broader importance of equitable remuneration practices in all businesses. A future study could broaden its scope by incorporating longitudinal and cross-national studies to further corroborate the findings. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences, Hamdard University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences, Hamdard University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Principal, College of Nursing, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-unfair-compensation-on-employee-morale-job-satisfaction-and-performance-a-quantitative-analysis-in-pakistans-health-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Impact of Coaching Leadership on Innovative Work Behavior, Psychological Capital as Mediator, and Perceived Organizational Support as Moderator Muhammad Zaheer Abbas Asmat N. Khattak Coaching Leadership Innovative Work Behavior Perceived Organizational Support Psychological Capital Coaching leadership (CL) is an important corporate strategy for improving employee performance at the workplace. We examine how CL affects "innovative work behavior (IWB)" while taking into account the moderating influence of "perceived organizational support (POS)" and the mediation role of "psychological capital (PsyCap)". We obtained the quantitative data from the health department of Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan. The findings of the study show that CL has a significant impact on IWB. PsyCap mediates the relationship between CL and IWB. The POS moderates the relationship between CL and IWB. The findings suggest that CL acts as a catalyst for enhancing employees' PsyCap by fostering positive psychological states such as optimism, resilience, self-efficacy, and hope. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Management Sciences, Head of ORIC, Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-coaching-leadership-on-innovative-work-behavior-psychological-capital-as-mediator-and-perceived-organizational-support-as-moderator https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Factors Affecting Employee's Loyalty in Banking Sector: A Case of a Local Bank in Karachi, Pakistan Hurmat Unnisa Rahmat Ullah Kakar Uroosa Rahat Financial Rewards Supervision Salary Plan Personal Traits Employees Loyalty Employees' loyalty in the banking sector in Karachi, Pakistan remains a critical issue because less skilled employees' performances have declined its market share. Human resource (HR) management strives to create long-term relationships with employees by motivating them through salary plans, better supervision, increased motivation, and enhanced passion. This empirical study utilized qualitative phenomenology to investigate the phenomenon of loyalty and develop the model of factors stimulating loyalty among employees, enlightening the HR on employee retention, consequently. The data were accumulated through convenience sampling among employees at a local bank utilizing open-ended interviews and thematic analysis. The findings confirm that salary plans, supervision, financial rewards, and personal traits stimulate loyalty among employees while motivation and satisfaction moderate the phenomenon in consideration. The research is useful for the banking sector to keep employees loyal and build long-term relationships with them. Humanity Publications MBA/MPhil Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. IELTS Instructors, AEO-Pakistan, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. MBA/MPhil Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/factors-affecting-employees-loyalty-in-banking-sector-a-case-of-a-local-bank-in-karachi-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Factors Influencing Masstige Purchase Intentions in Pakistani Millennials: The Role of Inspiration, FOMO, and Need for Uniqueness Kubbra Maroof Social Media Influencer Inspiration FoMO Masstige Consumption In this era, social media is an important part of everyone's life. Therefore, social media influencers are famous marketing tools for business. Marketers take advantage of influencers' massive following by sharing their content through them. This research aims to explore the relationship between social media celebrities and masstige-purchase intention of their audience or consumers. In addition, this research paper will give insight into the role of Inspiration, FOMO, and CNFU in the Pakistani industry. The data from 402 millennials was collected using online surveys, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results show social media influencers directly influence masstige-purchase intention of consumers and indirectly via inspiration. This study has practical implications for marketers it will guide businesses to enhance their sales using social media influencers effectively. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Quaid-i-Azam School of Management Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/factors-influencing-masstige-purchase-intentions-in-pakistani-millennials-the-role-of-inspiration-fomo-and-need-for-uniqueness https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Relationship Between Distributive Justice and Employees' Affective Commitment: The Moderating Effects of LMX Sobia Sadaf Shahida Jahangir Organizational Justice Perceptions; Distributive Justice; Affective Commitment; Leader-Member Exchange; LMX; Telecom Sector The current study explores the effect of LMX and DJ on employees' affective commitment. Significant research has been conducted on the relationship between distributive justice and workplace outcomes. However, limited research has delved into potential moderators of this relationship, specifically in the context of the telecom sector of Pakistan. This study fills this gap by investigating how LMX might influence the relationship between distributive justice and affective commitment as a moderator. Two hundred fifty employed individuals from the telecom sector of Sahiwal, Pakistan, participated in this survey. Data was analyzed using SPSS-24. The results from the analysis supported the study's hypotheses. The results regarding the direct relationship between DJ and AC are in line with existing literature. Additionally, LMX significantly moderated the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications are proposed. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-distributive-justice-and-employees-affective-commitment-the-moderating-effects-of-lmx https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Price Instability and Output Volatility on Economic Growth Nadeem Iqbal Aisha Rehman Wasim Shahid Malik Inflation volatility Output Volatility Phillips Curve Economic Growth Historical data indicate that the relationship between inflation and output does not align closely with the Philips curve's implications. Since the late 1980s, monetary policy has prioritized price stability as a key component of sustainable long-term economic growth. This emphasis reflects policymakers' assumption that output volatility poses less risk to long-term growth than inflation volatility, though this assumption lacks empirical support in the literature. To address this gap, this study investigates the impact of inflation and output volatility on economic growth by analyzing panel data from 1990 to 2020 across 68 countries. Fixed Effect Models are employed to account for country-specific, time-invariant factors that may influence the relationship between volatilities and growth. The findings reveal a significant negative impact of output volatility on economic growth, even when inflation volatility is accounted for, suggesting that policymakers should consider output volatility alongside price stability to support sustained economic growth. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/a-comparative-analysis-of-the-effects-of-price-instability-and-output-volatility-on-economic-growth https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Advancing Sustainable Project Management: Interplay of Cost, Risk, and Schedule Management with AI and Knowledge Management Processes Shabana Bibi Muhammad Aamir Saaed Muhammad Yar Khan Sustainable Project Management Project Risk Management Project Schedule Management Project Cost Management Artificial Intelligence This study explores the nexus of project risk, cost and schedule management on sustainable project management in Pakistani manufacturing companies where knowledge management is considered a mediator and artificial intelligence moderator. Data from project management professionals were analysed. The results show that project cost and schedule management significantly influence sustainable project management and that knowledge management practices mediate this relationship. In addition, artificial intelligence modifies the impact of cost and schedule management on sustainability. The findings provide recommendations for companies to improve sustainable project management, focusing on economic and competitive advantages, stakeholder management and innovative sustainable business models. Humanity Publications Research scholar, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Tenured Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/advancing-sustainable-project-management-interplay-of-cost-risk-and-schedule-management-with-ai-and-knowledge-management-processes https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Factors Influencing Masstige Purchase Intentions in Pakistani Millennials: The Role of Inspiration, FOMO, and Need for Uniqueness Social Media Influencer Inspiration FoMO Masstige Consumption In this era, social media is an important part of everyone's life. Therefore, social media influencers are famous marketing tools for business. Marketers take advantage of influencers' massive following by sharing their content through them. This research aims to explore the relationship between social media celebrities and masstige-purchase intention of their audience or consumers. In addition, this research paper will give insight into the role of Inspiration, FOMO, and CNFU in the Pakistani industry. The data from 402 millennials was collected using online surveys, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results show social media influencers directly influence masstige-purchase intention of consumers and indirectly via inspiration. This study has practical implications for marketers it will guide businesses to enhance their sales using social media influencers effectively. Humanity Publications 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/factors-influencing-masstige-purchase-intentions-in-pakistani-millennials-the-role-of-inspiration-fomo-and-need-for-uniqueness https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-III).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Examining the Mediating Influence of Credibility Linking with Influencer Marketing and Online Customer Reviews on Customer Purchase Decision Zar Panra Amna Malik Asia Bibi Influencer Marketing Online Customer Reviews Credibility Customer Purchase Decision This paper focuses on the effects of influencer marketing and online customer reviews on customer purchasing decisions. Quantitative data was collected from 300 respondents and analyzed through SPSS. Process Macro was used to analyze the relations and mediation effects between the variables. The literature review indicates the increasing relevance of digital marketing and the impact of influencer marketing and online customer reviews on customer purchase decisions. Online customer reviews present ideal information as it is the social proof and influence purchasing decisions. According to the results, both influencer marketing and online customer reviews have a significant positive effect on influencing people's decisions when it comes to purchasing.  This empirical research brings more light on how influencer marketing and online customer reviews along with credibility play powerful roles in structuring customer purchase decisions. It has a pragmatic impact on marketers for credibility in their digital marketing efforts to make sales. Humanity Publications Student, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/examining-the-mediating-influence-of-credibility-linking-with-influencer-marketing-and-online-customer-reviews-on-customer-purchase-decision https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Fostering Environmental Performance Via Green Human Resource Management, Green Transformational Leadership, and Green Innovation in the Construction Industry of Pakistan Sheraz Hassan Muhammad Jehangir GHRM Green Innovation Green Transformational Leadership Environmental Performance Smart PLS-SEM Through green innovation, green transformational leadership, and green human resource management, this study assesses sustainable business performance in Pakistan's construction sector. Data was collected from ten small and medium-sized manufacturing companies through a questionnaire. To analyze the data, we used partial least squares for structural equation modeling. According to the study's findings, sustainable business performance is significantly impacted by GHRM. The link between sustainable corporate performance and HRM practices is mediated by green innovation. The relationship between GHRM and sustainable company performance is mediated by green dynamic capacity. The results also showed association between green innovation and sustainable company performance is strengthened when green transformational leadership is moderated. GHRM and green dynamic potential are strengthened when transformational leadership is moderated. For managers and directors in Pakistan's construction sector, the study provides innovative methods. Green innovation, green dynamic capacity, and GHRM enable managers to enhance their sustainable company performance. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Studies & Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University (AWKUM), Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business Studies & Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University (AWKUM), Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/fostering-environmental-performance-via-green-human-resource-management-green-transformational-leadership-and-green-innovation-in-the-construction-industry-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Exchange Rate Dynamics and Monetary Fundamentals: Evidence from South Asian Countries Palwasha Nadeem Iqbal Aisha Rehman Exchange Rate Money Supply Inflation Rate Monetary Fundamental and Income This paper examined the role of monetary fundamentals in determining nominal exchange rate changes in South Asian countries. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) technique and Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) were used. Results from the VAR indicate that the exchange rate responds to shock originating from differences in money supply, inflation differential, interest rate, and real income differential and are consistent with the short-run predictions of the monetary model of the exchange rate. The results show that inflation and interest rate differentials are responsible for the majority of changes in exchange rates in the short run. The conclusion from the result is that, particularly in the short run, monetary fundamentals are the primary causes of exchange rate fluctuations in South Asian countries. Humanity Publications Faculty Member, Department of Economics, Women University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/exchange-rate-dynamics-and-monetary-fundamentals-evidence-from-south-asian-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Role of HRM Practices in Promoting Environmental Sustainability in Higher Education Institutions: A Study in Karachi, Pakistan Qanita Imtiaz Sobia Iqbal HRM Practices Environmental Sustainability Organizational Culture HEIs Green HRM Purpose: This study aims to explore how Human Resource Management practice can promote environmental sustainability in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Karachi, Pakistan and also investigates the role of organizational culture in supporting eco-friendly behaviors among employees. Design: A mixed-methods approach was adopted with HR professionals and faculty members from various HEIs in Karachi. Findings: The study found a positive relationship between HRM practices and the implementation of sustainability initiatives within HEIs and significantly influence eco-friendly behaviors environmental outcomes and a strong organizational culture mediates the effectiveness of HRM practices in achieving sustainability goals. Practical Implications: The findings offer practical recommendations for HEIs in resource-constrained environments, suggesting that even low-cost or incremental HRM interventions can positively impact sustainability. Originality: Contributes to the literature by examining the intersection of HRM and sustainability of HEIs in a developing region. It provides insights into the unique challenges faced by HEIs in Karachi. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Science, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Supervisor, Department of Management Science, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-hrm-practices-in-promoting-environmental-sustainability-in-higher-education-institutions-a-study-in-karachi-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Uncovering the Effect of Wellbeing HRM on Innovative Work Behavior through Proactive Motivation Muhammad Farhan Afzal Saddam Hussain Samina Nawab Wellbeing Oriented HRM Innovative Work Behavior Proactive Motivation Psychological Safety Organisational Identification This study examined the linkage of well-being (WHR) and innovative work behavior (IWB) through the mediating proactive motivational states (PM) role, i.e., psychological safety and organization identification. The models were validated, and SEM and CFA tested hypotheses of cross-sectional data. Study outcomes show a strong beneficial linkage between innovative work behavior and wellbeing-oriented HRM and the mediating role of proactive motivational states. All relationships are statistically significant at both 1 and 5 percent levels. These results highlight the importance of WHR and the intervening effect of PM on innovative workforce behavior in the context of the telecommunication sector. Understanding that HRM, motivation, and innovative behavior can help executives in the telecom sector improve managerial techniques and foster a culture of innovation through proactive motivation. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences COMSATS University Islamabad (Wah Campus), Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (Attock Campus), Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Management Sciences COMSATS University Islamabad (Wah Campus), Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/uncovering-the-effect-of-wellbeing-hrm-on-innovative-work-behavior-through-proactive-motivation https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Fostering Green Innovation: The Interplay of Transformational Leadership, Organizational Learning and CSR Rabia Azhar Sania Zahra Malik Zeshan Ahmer Corporate Social Responsibility Transformational Leadership Organizational Learning Green Innovation CSR has gained much predominance in the previous decade in the various sectors of Pakistan. A quantitative research technique was used incorporating survey methodology for understanding the impact of transformational leadership in the promotion of  CSR practices in the banking sector of Pakistan. The primary objective of the study is to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on CSR practices while observing the mediating role of organizational learning. Moreover, green innovation is observed as a moderator between transformational leadership and organizational learning. Employees working in the CSR department of different banks in Pakistan were approached and 203 responses were collected. It shows significant results. This research helps in developing our comprehension regarding the banking sector of Pakistan and how well they inculcate CSR practices through transformational leadership. These insights offer practical implications for the enhancement of CSR-integrated strategies and the adoption of sustainable organizational practices. Humanity Publications Doctoral Student, Institute of Business Administration, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Business Administration, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/fostering-green-innovation-the-interplay-of-transformational-leadership-organizational-learning-and-csr https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Innovative Leadership: Impact and Challenges in Secondary and Higher Secondary Institutes of Pakistan Muhammad Pervez Khan Nazakat Ali Innovative Leadership Creativity/Brain Storming Innovation Skill Development Innovation Technology Innovation Innovative Leadership Challenges This study investigates the impact of innovative leadership and identifies the challenges faced by such leadership in educational institutes in Pakistan. The study used a qualitative research technique of research design for investigation and data was collected through open-ended questionnaire-cum interview. Innovative dimensions like Creativity/brainstorming, technology innovation, and skilled development innovation in teaching pedagogies have been focused on in this study. The results of this study suggest that there is a significant impact of innovative leadership dimensions on the implementation considering organizational improvement, efficiency, and performance. Challenges faced by innovative leadership were also discussed/identified through results that need to be addressed accordingly for the consistent growth in secondary and higher secondary educational institutes of Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, AL-HAMD Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, AL-HAMD Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/innovative-leadership-impact-and-challenges-in-secondary-and-higher-secondary-institutes-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Observed Abusive Supervision on Employee's Reaction: A Moderated Mediation Model Irfan Iqbal Nayyra Zeb Observed Abusive Supervision Feedback Avoidance Silence Towards the Supervisor Social Support Grounded on the conservation of resource theory and deontic theory of justice this study anticipated a model that examines the Observer reactions to abusive supervision that links to feedback avoidance and silence towards the supervisor. A physical and online survey was conducted, collecting data from approximately five hundred healthcare professionals in South Punjab. Observed abusive supervision shows a positive association with feedback avoidance and silence towards supervisors the moderating effect of social support reflected in such conditions of facing abusive supervision employees are looking for social support so social support moderates the indirect effect of observed abusive supervision on silence towards supervisor via feedback avoidance such that the indirect effect will be weaker when a high level of social support. We conclude our findings for research on observed abusive supervision, feedback avoidance, silence towards the supervisor, and social support. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-observed-abusive-supervision-on-employees-reaction-a-moderated-mediation-model https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Entrepreneurial Education at University Level and Entrepreneurship Development: An Analysis of Buitems University, Pakistan Gul Panra Zar Panra Nagina Gul Entrepreneurial Education Generalized Entrepreneurial Education Motivational Entrepreneurial Education Augmented Entrepreneurial Education Entrepreneurship Development This study investigated the role of entrepreneurial education in promoting entrepreneurship development between management sciences students at BUITEMS University, Quetta. It explored three dimensions of entrepreneurial education—generalized, motivational, and augmented—using the Theory of Planned Behavior and McClelland’s Theory of Achievement as frameworks. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire, with 203 responses analyzed using SPSS 20.0. The findings indicated that generalized education built essential entrepreneurial knowledge, motivational education enhanced entrepreneurial intentions, and augmented education, emphasizing practical exposure, had the greatest impact. The study proposed integrating experiential learning elements, such as internships and business simulations, into the curriculum to strengthen entrepreneurial skills. Enhancing university-industry linkages and providing financial and technical support were also suggested to better associate educational outcomes with market demands. These insights offer assistance for policymakers and educators to develop effective programs, address unemployment challenges, and advance entrepreneurial capabilities among youth in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan. Student, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/entrepreneurial-education-at-university-level-and-entrepreneurship-development-an-analysis-of-buitems-university-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Role of Conflict Management Styles in Navigating Work Place Disputes at Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan Sajjad Ahmad Muhammad Rafiq Conflict Management Styles Conflict Management at Workplace Disputes Conflict Management at HEIs in Pakistan Teachers, administrators, and students at nearly every Pakistani university eventually have to deal with conflict. This paper's overarching goal is to provide a critical analysis of the most prevalent forms of conflict management that institutions and organizations face daily, namely those that pertain to tasks and relationships. This paper has covered the effects of several conflict management methods on disagreements over tasks and relationships, including giving in, compromising, problem-solving, forcing, and avoiding. Various forms of disputes call for diverse approaches to conflict management. Humanity Publications MBA Student, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA Scholar, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-conflict-management-styles-in-navigating-work-place-disputes-at-higher-education-institutions-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Employment Generation through Skills Development: Measuring Effectiveness of the Punjab Skills Development Fund in Enhancing Employability Muhammad Asif Raza Muhammad Akram Skills Development in Punjab Punjab Skills Development Fund Technical Education Employability Skills Gap Human Capital Development Investigates the effectiveness of skills development programs in Pakistan, particularly focusing on the Punjab Skills Development Fund(PSDF). The study assessed programs' impact on employability and identified gaps in the current skills development framework. Present quantitative research found that PSDF programs have successfully enhanced the employability of trainees. Most trainees reported positive outcomes, including securing employment and achieving personal and professional growth. The study identified several critical gaps including the need for standardized curricula, improved training infrastructure, stronger industry linkages, and a more effective coordination mechanism between federal and provincial governments. Additionally, need to address the issue of access and equity, particularly for women and marginalized groups. To fully harness the potential of skills development, it is crucial to address these gaps and implement evidence-based policy reforms. By investing in quality training, strengthening industry partnerships, and promoting innovative approaches,Pakistan can build a skilled workforce that drives economic growth and social development. Humanity Publications Public Policy Practitioner, Pakistan Administrative Service (PAS),Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/employment-generation-through-skills-development-measuring-effectiveness-of-the-punjab-skills-development-fund-in-enhancing-employability https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Diverse Effects of Corporate Governance and Intellectual Capital on Audit Quality: A Quantile Regression Technique in Pakistan Arshad Javed Tahir Imran Gulzar Haroon Shafi Corporate Governance Intellectual Capital Audit Quality Relational Capital Quantile Regression In a world that has seen increased emphasis being placed on Corporate Governance (CG) and Intellectual Capital (IC) to determine the credibility of firms, this research seeks to establish the interrelation between CG, IC, and Audit Quality (AQ) of non-financial firms operating in the PSX. This study incorporates quantile regression to investigate the effects of the CG factors – Board Size (BS), Board Independence (BI), and Ownership Concentration (OC) – and the IC dimensions, including Research and Development (RD), Employee Training (ET), and Relational Capital (RC), on AQ. Interestingly, results indicate that solid board features and specific IC spending significantly boost AQ, which is more so at greater AQ. The positive increase in both BI and OC complements enhanced governance and oversight processes; good relational capital and adequate training of employees further speak to the need for strategic investment in improving sound audit practices. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Preston University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences (HIMS), Hamdard University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan. Director (Admn/HR), Gilgit-Baltistan Power Development Board, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/diverse-effects-of-corporate-governance-and-intellectual-capital-on-audit-quality-a-quantile-regression-technique-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Financial Inclusion, Fintech, Green Innovation, and Social Welfare: A Perspective of Environment Quality and Economic Development in China Muhammad Ishtiaq Falak Sher Muhammad Naeem Shahid Fintech Financial Inclusion; Social Welfare; Environmental Quality Economic Development; Green Innovation The study uncovers the connection between financial inclusion, Fintech, Green Innovation, and social welfare with China's environmental quality and economic development. Employing macroeconomic data from 2014-2023 and using the QARDL model, we find that social welfare and green innovation enhance climate quality while financial inclusion and Fintech deteriorate it. All the independent variables, however, significantly improve economic development. Also, all variables exhibit bidirectional causality with economic growth, except climate quality, which depicts both unidirectional and bidirectional causality. Our results imply that the Chinese government should enhance financial inclusion and Fintech growth for economic sustainability. However, the country should focus on renewable energy consumption related to Fintech growth and optimize financial inclusion to avoid environmental deterioration. More spending on social welfare could enhance human capital and environmentally conscious behavior. This study provides important insights for policymakers in China in allocating resources to balance economic and environmental sustainability. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Government College University Faisalabad, Chiniot Campus, Punjab. Pakistan. Assistant Professor, LBS, Government College University Faisalabad, Chiniot Campus, Punjab. Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/financial-inclusion-fintech-green-innovation-and-social-welfare-a-perspective-of-environment-quality-and-economic-development-in-china https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Interest Tax Shield, vs Rental Tax Shield and Financial Crises: A Model for Sustainable Finance Abid Izaz Waheed Akhter Qamar Uz Zaman Excessive Debt Financial Stability Interest Tax Shield Rental Tax Shield Sukuk Economists and legal experts say, Interest Tax Shield (ITS) available to debt, causes over-indebtedness that ultimately causes financial crisis and financial instability. Many researchers pointed out the necessity to re-frame these subsidizing corporate tax regulations available to debt. We have proposed to abolish (ITS) and introduce, an Islamic corporate tax policy, Rental Tax Shield (RTS) available to Sukuk-al-Ijarah instead of ITS. For data analysis, the study used a simulation technique and drew different experiments to investigate the performance of leveraged and zero-leverage firms and their values with conventional tax policies and proposed tax policies. The findings showed that RTS from Sukuk financing is more beneficial, for a firm's value and cost of capital, as compared to ITS from debt financing. It is expected to mitigate financial distress and bankruptcy and will enhance the overall financial stability of the corporate sector. Humanity Publications Phd. Scholar, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Center of Islamic Finance, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) Lahore Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) Sahiwal Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/interest-tax-shield-vs-rental-tax-shield-and-financial-crises-a-model-for-sustainable-finance https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Effect of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Factors on Performance of Momentum and Value Portfolios: Role of Audited Non-Financial Reporting Asma Hassan Ammar Abid ESG · Environment · Social· Governance Momentum Value Audit This study examines the nexus between environmental, social, and governance(ESG) performance and the performance of momentum and value portfolios. Further, the effect of audited non-financial information in this relationship has also been analyzed. This is achieved with the sample of listed companies from selected countries of the emerging market over the period of 2010 to 2019. The overall findings of the study suggest that investors of emerging countries do not consider sustainable investments as their stock-picking criteria as no significant relationship was found between environmental, social, and governance performance and the performance of momentum and value portfolios. Further, no significant effect of audited non-financial information in this relationship is found. The findings of the study offer significant insights for government, regulators, and policymakers to educate investors and companies about the importance of sustainable investments and emphasize the role of audit quality and the structure of audit committees in ESG disclosures. Humanity Publications PhD Student, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (Lahore Campus), Lahore, Punjab. Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (Lahore Campus), Lahore, Punjab. Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/effect-of-environmental-social-and-governance-esg-factors-on-performance-of-momentum-and-value-portfolios-role-of-audited-nonfinancial-reporting https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Influence of Green Marketing on Pakistani Consumers' Purchasing Decisions: A Price-Mediated Analysis Zargham Ullah Khan Zunaira Idrees Husnain Irshad Green Marketing Packaging Advertising Price Purchasing Behavior The purpose of this paper is to comprehend the effect of green marketing, advertising, and sustainable packaging on customer purchasing activities. In this context, price acts as an important mediator to evaluate consumer's intentions to purchase green products or services of the business carrying out sustainable and green marketing activities. In this paper mediation effect of price is analyzed in detail. Taking into account the overall impact and importance of green marketing on the world's overall well-being, it is important to study its impact on consumer purchasing behavior. In order to find out the impact of green marketing on consumer purchasing behavior a detailed and concise questionnaire was used. The result of this study would be beneficial to the overall well-being of businesses or firms carrying out green marketing initiatives in the emerging market of Pakistan. The majority of respondents positively respond towards companies taking sustainable and green marketing. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-influence-of-green-marketing-on-pakistani-consumers-purchasing-decisions-a-pricemediated-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-IV).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Quantitative Study on the Impact of Green Marketing Strategies on Consumer Purchase Intentions in Pakistan’s FMCG Sector Mannan Pervaiz Malik Zargham Ullah Khan Consumer Skepticism Green Marketing Strategies Brand Image This study investigates the influence of green marketing strategies on consumer purchase intentions within Pakistan's fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector using a quantitative research design. Anchored in the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Green Brand Equity Model, the study examines how green advertising, eco-labeling, digital marketing, and green branding affect green brand image, green brand trust, and ultimately, purchase intentions. It also explores the moderating roles of consumer skepticism and price perception. A survey was conducted among 450 consumers across urban and 200 rural Pakistanis. After missing value analysis only 420 urban consumers and 160 rural consumer data were used for analysis and data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results are expected to guide FMCG firms in effectively implementing green strategies that resonate with environmentally conscious consumers. Humanity Publications PhD Candidate, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/quantitative-study-on-the-impact-of-green-marketing-strategies-on-consumer-purchase-intentions-in-pakistans-fmcg-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Integrating E-Bikes and Non-Motorized Transport for Sustainable Urban Mobility: A Pathway to Achieving SDG 11.2 in Hyderabad, Pakistan Uzma Arisar Asif Memon Rabia Soomro E-bikes Non-motorized Transport SDG 11.2 Sustainable Mobility Hyderabad The urbanization process within Pakistan, together with other developing nations, has caused severe transportation problems, resulting in traffic congestion and air pollution and creating uneven mobility access across different areas. This research analyzes how electric bikes (e-bikes) and non-motorized transport (NMT) methods can boost sustainable urban accessibility and livability within Hyderabad, Pakistan, according to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.2. Through surveys, spatial analysis, and behavioral observations, the researchers assess e-bike effectiveness in lowering car usage and releasing emissions while advancing public health. The research discovered that e-bikes hold the potential to replace 30–40% of car trips under four km distance, thus creating an annual CO₂ reduction of 12,000 tons. Lack of cycling infrastructure and public preference for motorized vehicles are the main obstacles. The suggested policies focus on infrastructure developments through built cycling paths, financial support for e-bike purchases, and planning methods that protect pedestrians. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Architecture and Planning, Shaheed Allah Buksh Soomro University of Art, Design and Heritages, 76062, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Bachelors student, Department of Architecture and Planning, Shaheed Allah Buksh Soomro University of Art, Design and Heritages, 76062, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus, Khairpur Mir's, Sindh, Pakistan. 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/integrating-ebikes-and-nonmotorized-transport-for-sustainable-urban-mobility-a-pathway-to-achieving-sdg-112-in-hyderabad-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Technological Absorption Hypothesis and Productivity Growth in Pakistan Manufacturing Sector Muhammad Tufail Junaid Ali Hidayat Ullah Khan TFP Solow Residual Human Capital Foreign Direct Investment Transfer of Technology ARDL Model Error Correction Model. This research focuses on determining factors that influence the growth of technological progress in Pakistan's manufacturing sector. The Solow residual, which measures technological change, has been calculated using a growth accounting framework. Additionally, it evaluates the extent of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in relation to macroeconomic variables, including technology transfer, the financial sector, human capital, development expenditure, and trade openness. The empirical model finding indicates that two key elements investing in human capital and enhancing employee skills alongside effective skill matching are crucial for boosting manufacturing growth. Furthermore, the empirical model suggests, other significant factors that support TFP, such as trade openness, financial development, and increased development expenditure, which align with the Keynesian view that development expenditure is essential for economic advancement. This paper emphasizes the importance of targeted investment in human and technological capital, alongside appropriate macroeconomic policies, to enhance manufacturing productivity in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Government Polytechnic Institute, Lower Dir, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/technological-absorption-hypothesis-and-productivity-growth-in-pakistan-manufacturing-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Measuring The Impact of OD Interventions on Organizational Performance (OP) Asmat N. Khattak Abdul Karim Afzal Mahmood OD Interventions Automation Organization Development Organizational Performance Performance is a major challenge. The study examined the impact of OD interventions on organizational performance. The study collected quantitative data using a closed-ended survey form and performed the regression and mediation analysis. The t-statistic, p-values, adjusted R2, F-statistic, and regression coefficient β values were computed. A focus group of experts was conducted to gather qualitative data. A thematic analysis was conducted and the quantitative and qualitative results were merged and insightful findings were obtained. The findings recommend efficient manufacturing processes and systems for producing quality products. New technologies and IT systems have an impact on corporate decision-making processes. One significant technological intervention to support a culture of productivity is plant automation. Humanity Publications Associate Professor/HoD, Management Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of the Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Management Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, IMS, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/measuring-the-impact-of-od-interventions-on-organizational-performance-op https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Examining the Role of Learning and Development Opportunities on Transfer of Learning in Business Process Organizations Danish Khan Faisal Sheraz Learning and Development Opportunities Transfer of Learning Business Process Organizations This research explores the relationship between L&D opportunities and the transfer of learning in the context of complex Business Process Organizations (BPOs) in Pakistan. The study investigates how organizational factors such as business processes, management support, and organizational culture impact the transfer of learning. Using a deductive approach, data was collected from the employees in managerial positions within BPOs in Islamabad. The results indicate that L&D opportunities have a significant positive effect on the transfer of learning. The study highlights the importance of aligning training programs with organizational goals and adapting to the specific needs of employees. The findings suggest that BPOs should integrate blended learning approaches, provide ongoing feedback, and create supportive structures for learning transfer, such as peer mentoring and job relevance. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration and Social Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration and Social Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/examining-the-role-of-learning-and-development-opportunities-on-transfer-of-learning-in-business-process-organizations https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Artificial Intelligence-based Deep Learning Model Optimizing Financial Predictions: Empirical Evidence from Top six Markets Rabia Akram Multicurrency Exchange Rate Returns Deep Learning Optimal Prediction Performance Navigating the complexities of the foreign exchange market remains a significant challenge for investors and risk managers worldwide. This study addresses this challenge by developing a Deep Learning-based Multilayer Perceptron (DL MLP) model to classify daily multi-currency exchange rate returns (USD, EUR, GBP, CHF, JPY, CNY) from 2010 to 2024. The framework categorizes market movements into three distinct states: appreciation (good returns), depreciation (bad returns), and stability (no returns), transforming these categorical outcomes into a numerical format suitable for neural network processing via one-hot encoding. Powered by a backpropagation algorithm, the model demonstrates exceptional predictive capability, achieving a 91% classification accuracy and near-perfect AUC ROC scores, thereby identifying optimal safe-haven currencies with high reliability. The empirical findings offer a powerful data-driven tool for forex investors seeking to refine their strategic asset allocation and for global risk managers aiming to enhance their hedging strategies against currency volatility. Humanity Publications College of Management, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, PR China. 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/artificial-intelligencebased-deep-learning-model-optimizing-financial-predictions-empirical-evidence-from-top-six-markets https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Influence of Green Marketing on Pakistani Consumers' Purchasing Decisions Zargham Ullah Khan Zunaira Idrees Misbah Jamil Packaging Advertising Green Marketing Purchasing Behavior The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of green marketing, advertising, and sustainable packaging on customer purchasing activities. By exploring the impact of advertising, and packaging on consumers' buying behavior, this paper contributes to practical implications for firms that intend to use effective sustainable marketing strategies in emerging economies. A positivist methodological framework was used for the data collection and analysis. The sample size for this research consists of 334 respondents. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used to study the relationship between green marketing, advertising, and the purchasing behavior of consumers. In this paper, the impact of Advertising, Green marketing, and Packaging are studied on Purchasing behavior. From the detailed analysis of data, it is concluded that customers buying behavior is significantly influenced by all the independent variables but their effects vary in strength. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-influence-of-green-marketing-on-pakistani-consumers-purchasing-decisions https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Steering Sustainable Development via Prudent Policy Interventions: An Investigation into the Efficacy of Fiscal Policy Interventions on Sustainable Developed of a Developing Economy Aneesa Khalil Hidayat Ullah Khan Muhammad Waqas GDP Government Spending Budget Deficit Tax Revenue Unemployment This study examines the effects of fiscal policy on Pakistan's economic dynamics, using data for GDP, government spending, budget deficit, tax revenue, and unemployment from Pakistan's Economic Survey (ESP) and the World Development Indicators (WDI) from 1990 to 2022. The study applies VECM and Johansen Cointegration methods within a theoretical and empirical framework. The results reveal long-term cointegration between GDP and fiscal indicators, particularly government spending and tax revenues. In the long run, government spending and tax revenues have a significant positive impact on GDP. However, in the short run, government spending positively impacts GDP, while tax revenues negatively affect GDP. Both budget deficit and unemployment have a significant negative impact on long-term GDP growth. In the short term, the budget deficit shows a developing positive impact on GDP. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China. Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. MS. Scholar, College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/steering-sustainable-development-via-prudent-policy-interventions-an-investigation-into-the-efficacy-of-fiscal-policy-interventions-on-sustainable-developed-of-a-developing-economy https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Financial Literacy on the Sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises, Mediating Effect of Financial Management Practices Amjad-ur-Rehman Assad Javed Muhammad Yasir Financial Literacy SME Sustainability Financial Management Structural Equation Modeling Entrepreneurship Development Small and medium enterprises' viability and sustainability are measured through financial literacy, with an emphasis on the mediating effect of methods of managing finances. Mostly SMEs across the sector struggle with sustainability due to a lack of sufficient financial knowledge. The tourism sector SMEs were chosen for this research. Such SMEs highly depend on intangible assets and the influence of financial literacy particularly in the off-season. Results reveal that FL has positively influenced SMEs' sustainability, both directly and indirectly, by improving financial management techniques, specifically, financial management variate partial mediation. The findings it is also highlight the necessity of focused financial literacy programs, and training sessions, and contribute to existing literature on SME growth by indicating how financial literacy can increase firm sustainability in underdeveloped nations. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-financial-literacy-on-the-sustainability-of-small-and-medium-enterprises-mediating-effect-of-financial-management-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Digitizing Land Governance in Punjab: Challenges and Opportunities in the Implementation of Computerization of Land Record Management and Information System (CLRMIS) Muhammad Faizan Salik Ghulam Mustafa CLRMIS Land Governance Digital Land Records Punjab E-Governance Institutional Resistance Legal Reform Social Inclusion Public Administration Land Policy The Computerization of Land Record Management and Information System (CLRMIS) in Punjab, Pakistan, marks a significant step toward transparent, efficient, and inclusive land governance. This study examines the system's implementation, highlighting key challenges, including institutional resistance, digital exclusion, infrastructure gaps, weak legal frameworks, and cybersecurity risks. Despite these barriers, CLRMIS fosters legal empowerment, improves service delivery, and curbs corruption by limiting discretionary authority. It strengthens land tenure security, enhances conflict resolution through digital documentation, and supports economic development. Moreover, its potential integration within broader e-governance initiatives positions it as a catalyst for both interdepartmental collaboration and sustainable progress. The paper argues that maximizing CLRMIS’s impact requires targeted policy reforms, legal harmonization, institutional capacity-building, and inclusive public engagement. These strategic interventions not only unlock the system's full benefits but also offer valuable insights for regional land reform efforts and potential replication across other provinces. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/digitizing-land-governance-in-punjab-challenges-and-opportunities-in-the-implementation-of-computerization-of-land-record-management-and-information-system-clrmis https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring How Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Bridges Workplace Factors to Entrepreneurial Resilience Ahmad Sheraz Goraya Aamar Ilyas Hafiz Ahmad Ashraf : Self-Efficacy Entrepreneurial Attitude Perceived Organizational Support Perceived Behavioral Control This paper explores the impact of major psychological and organizational factors on Entrepreneurial Resilience and its implications to the labor market and career opportunities of graduates. Based on a model that presents Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) and Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA) and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) as independent variables, it tries to explain how the Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) act as a mediator variable between the independent variables and the dependent variable, the Entrepreneurial Resilience (ER). A convenience sample of 400 postgraduate students was selected and allowed to obtain a reliable data set for quantitative analysis. Results provide evidence that all direct and indirect hypotheses are statistically supported. PBC, EA, and POS exert significantly positive impacts on both ESE and ER, whereas ESE has a significant effect on ER and serves as a mediator between independent variables and ER. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of Business Administration, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Central Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Central Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/exploring-how-entrepreneurial-selfefficacy-bridges-workplace-factors-to-entrepreneurial-resilience https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Fintech-Driven Transformation in the Islamic Banking Practices of Pakistan Muhammad Ishtiaq Hina Mushtaq Faisal Anees Islamic Banking FinTech Performance Competitiveness Pakistan This study investigates the influence of FinTech adoption on the performance of the Pakistani Islamic banks. The study has made use of primary data collected from the 20 Islamic banks in Pakistan with the help of a questionnaire. The findings have shown that Pakistani banks are integrating the latest financial technologies like Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Robo-advisors, and blockchain technologies, and it has resulted in their increased performance and competitiveness in the market. Findings of OLS have shown that FinTech adoption, along with competitiveness, has positively and significantly affected the performance of Pakistani Islamic banks. The study emphasizes addressing the need for modern technologies and infrastructure in the workplace. The finding contributes to the understanding of how FinTech has transformed the Islamic banking practices in Pakistan, by offering valuable insights for regulators, bank managers, and stakeholders aiming to leverage the latest financial technologies for increasing the market position and performance. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/fintechdriven-transformation-in-the-islamic-banking-practices-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Digital Capabilities and Firm Performance: Mediating role of Marketing Services and Moderating Effects of Digital Transformation Knowledge & Innovation Investment Khurram Ashfaq Aisha Imtiaz Nasir Abbas Digital Transformation Digital Capability Marketing Services Innovation Investment Firm Performance This study examines the relationship between Digital Capabilities and Firm Performance in banking, analyzing the mediating effects of Marketing Services and moderating effects of Digital Transformation Knowledge and Innovation Investment. Understanding these elements' interaction in banks undergoing digital transformation is crucial. The study used quantitative research through structured questionnaires given to senior bank managers, using five-point Likert scale. Partial least squares structural equation Modeling analyzed the data. Results show digital capabilities positively impact marketing services and improve firm performance. Marketing services partially mediate relationship between digital capabilities and performance.Digital transformation knowledge strengthens the relationship between digital capabilities and marketing services, while innovative investment intensifies marketing services' effect on performance. Banks should enhance digital skills, invest in marketing services, and allocate resources to innovation to improve outcomes. This study explains how digital capabilities, combined with marketing efforts, digital knowledge, and innovation, enhance performance using Dynamic Capability Theory in developing economy banks. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, College of Commerce Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, College of Commerce, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1711-2963 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/digital-capabilities-and-firm-performance-mediating-role-of-marketing-services-and-moderating-effects-of-digital-transformation-knowledge-innovation-investment https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of the World Bank in Land Digitalization in Punjab: An Analysis Muhammad Faizan Salik Ghulam Mustafa Land Governance; World Bank; Digital Transformation; Punjab; Clrmis; Arazi Record Centers (Arcs); Public Service Delivery; E-Governance; Institutional Reform; Transparency This paper analyzes the World Bank–funded Computerization of Land Records Management and Information Systems (CLRMIS) project in Punjab, Pakistan, which aimed to overhaul the corrupt Patwari system. With a budget of $45.5 million, the project introduced a centralized digital land database, biometric verification, and over 150 Arazi Record Centers (ARCs). These reforms improved administrative efficiency, reduced transaction costs and time, and enhanced public trust in land services. The creation of the Punjab Land Records Authority (PLRA), along with supporting legislative reforms, further bolstered institutional capacity. While issues such as digital illiteracy and infrastructure gaps persist, the project stands as a model for e-governance in developing countries, with implications extending beyond land rights toward broader institutional transparency. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of M.Phil. Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/role-of-the-world-bank-in-land-digitalization-in-punjab-an-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Organizational Performance through Digital Marketing: Evidence from Pakistani Small and Medium Enterprises Zargham Ullah Khan Rashid Mahmood Munir Arslan Shahid Digital Marketing Strategies Social Media Marketing SMS Marketing Email Marketing Organizational Performance SMEs in Pakistan This research examines how digital marketing strategies influence the organizational display of SME’s in the Punjab, Pakistan.  The data was collected from small and medium-sized managers across multiple sectors in the province. The analysis focuses on three primary digital marketing strategies, including social media, SMS, and email marketing. Comparatively, organizational performance is evaluated by measuring profitability, customer acquisition, and business growth.  Among the three digital marketing strategies, social media had a strong impact on attracting customer engagement, SMS strategy contributed to promotional effectiveness, and email marketing results show a positive relationship with organizational performance indicators for enhancing customer loyalty. Study highlights that SMEs that actively incorporate a digital marketing strategy achieve a positive increase in profitability, customer acquisition, and market expansion. The findings show the importance of digital marketing for maintaining competitive advantage and offer practical solutions to problems to policymakers of an organization within the region's business landscape. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/organizational-performance-through-digital-marketing-evidence-from-pakistani-small-and-medium-enterprises https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Literature Reviews in Business and Social Sciences Research Studies in Pakistan: Qualitative Exploratory Expert Interviews Asmat N. Khattak Ghulam Abbas Bhatti Nasir Patrick Artificial Intelligence (AI) Semantic Scholar Literature Reviews Business Research Perplexity Conducting literature reviews for research studies is a challenging process. Researchers in the business and social sciences expect to benefit more from AI's expanding role in these disciplines. This research study was conducted to explore the role of AI in literature reviews in business and social sciences research studies in Pakistan. The study employed a qualitative research strategy, and seven in-depth "exploratory expert interviews" were conducted to gather the viewpoints, insights, and experiences of the experts to solve the phenomenon. Semantic Scholar, 2025 Consensus, Elicit, Litmaps, Research Rabbit, Scite, Perplexity, SciSpace, and Scholarly are among the AI-powered tools for literature reviews. The findings further indicate that the workload for literature reviews has been reduced using AI tools. The study recommends that, in order to increase the efficiency and employability of Pakistani business graduates, teachers need to teach AI tools in educational institutions. Humanity Publications Associate Professor & HoD, Department of Management Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, IMS, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business and Management, Bath Spa University, RAK, UAE MPhil Graduate, Department of Management Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, IMS, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-literature-reviews-in-business-and-social-sciences-research-studies-in-pakistan-qualitative-exploratory-expert-interviews https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Unpacking the Social Capital–Adaptability Link in Supply Chains: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective in Emerging Markets Ghulam Haider Liaqut Ali Ashiq Ali Chandio Dynamic Capability View Pakistan Social Capital Supply Chain Adaptability. This study examines the impact social capital exerts on supply chain adaptability in Pakistan's manufacturing sector under the Dynamic Capability View, offering theoretical and managerial implications. Social capital was conceptualized through internal collaboration among employees and external collaboration, and its impact on supply chain adaptability. The measurements were gathered within manufacturing companies and analyzed with PLS-SEM. The results indicate that internal and external collaboration is remarkable and positively affects all dimensions of Supply chain adaptability (p < 0.005), and R² values of 0.691 (CSCA), 0.669 (ISCA), and 0.571 (SSCA), demonstrating strong explanatory power. Model fit indices further confirmed robustness. Theoretically, findings extend DCV by showing how relational resources act as dynamic capabilities, enabling firms to reconfigure processes in volatile environments. For managers, the study underscores the strategic importance of cultivating trust-based relationships and fostering knowledge exchange both within and beyond organizational boundaries to enhance adaptability and responsiveness to market shifts. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0009-0001-7735-171X PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-9368 PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/unpacking-the-social-capitaladaptability-link-in-supply-chains-a-dynamic-capabilities-perspective-in-emerging-markets https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Fintech Adoption and Bank Performance in Pakistan: Mediating Role of Risk Management Practices Mustajab Zahra Faisal Anees Muhammad Ishtiaq Fintech Adoption Risk Risk Management Practices Performance Commercial Banks Fintech has a significant contribution to enhancing the effectiveness of the financial system by lowering costs and improving service quality. Hence, several studies have been conducted to look at the direct link between Fintech Adoption (FA) and Bank Performance (BF). However, they have come up with mixed results. Therefore, the current research focuses on assessing the mediating role of Risk Management Practices (RMP) between FA and the BF in Pakistan. Primary data through a self-administered questionnaire has been used. Using a sample of 375 respondents, a positive and significant relationship between FA and BP in Pakistan has been indicated in this study. Furthermore, this relationship is significantly mediated by the RMP. The findings of the current study are helpful for the management of Pakistani Banks, academics, and the government. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/fintech-adoption-and-bank-performance-in-pakistan-mediating-role-of-risk-management-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Impact of AI on Income Inequality in the USA: The Mediating Role of Informal Labor Markets and the Moderating Role of Digital Financial Inclusion MD Hasibur Rahman Murad Reza Md Masum Most Runa Khatun Artificial Intelligence (AI) Income Inequality Informal Labor Markets Digital Financial Inclusion (DFI) United States Economy In the United States, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) has grown exponentially over the past ten years, changing businesses and job markets. Even though artificial intelligence (AI) has led to more innovation and output, it has also made income inequality worse by replacing workers with average skills and making more people rely on unpaid work. The study investigates the mediating effects of informal labor and the moderating effects of digital financial inclusion (DFI). The study uses balanced panel data from all 50 US states between 2015 and 2023. The results show that being exposed to AI is strongly linked to more income inequality (β = 0.164, p < 0.01), and that the rise in unpaid work accounts for about 31.3 percent of this effect. States with high levels of DFI reduced the adverse effects of informality by 59.5%. AI impacts can be lessened by digital banking systems that are open to everyone. Humanity Publications Masters, Department of business , Lamar University, Texas, Beaumont, USA. Masters, Department of Economics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan,China. Masters, Department of Economics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-ai-on-income-inequality-in-the-usa-the-mediating-role-of-informal-labor-markets-and-the-moderating-role-of-digital-financial-inclusion https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Role of Green Initiatives in Sustainable Performance of Manufacturing Sector: Moderation and Mediation Effects Khalid Latif Tahreem Naaz Khurram Ashfaq Green Entrepreneurial Orientation Industry 4.0 Environmental Management System Top management commitment Innovation Performance The manufacturing industry is one where sustainability has changed its nature, no longer limited to regulation but transformed into a strategic resource generating competitive advantage. The study examines how green actions that green entrepreneurial orientation represents, innovation through Industry 4.0 technologies, and investment in environmental management systems mutually affect and contribute to sustainable performance. It also explores the mediation effects of innovation performance and the moderation effects of top management commitment (TMC) in a model inspired by the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) and Natural Resource Orchestration Theory. The model explains the interaction between technological invention and environmental strategy to create long-term value. These findings have implications for industrial policy, corporate leadership, and sustainability practice. By integrating digital transformation, innovation, and environmental responsibility, manufacturing firms can align environmental concerns with competitiveness in the global resource-active landscape. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, College of Commerce, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, College of Commerce Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, College of Commerce Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/role-of-green-initiatives-in-sustainable-performance-of-manufacturing-sector-moderation-and-mediation-effects https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Wakhan Corridor: Historical Significance, Economic Prospects, and Global Supply Chain Integration Abdul Rahman Shinwari Wakhan Corridor Silk Road Afghanistan Belt and Road Initiative Economic Diplomacy Global Supply Chains Originally a crucial stretch of Silk Road trade routes, the Wakhan Corridor served as a key connecting route between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The historical importance of the Wakhan Corridor is explored in this study, as well as its function in Afghanistan's economic diplomacy, the economic prospects and problems for China and Afghanistan, and its possible inclusion into worldwide supply networks. Drawing on secondary data, the study emphasizes the corridor’s historic role in trade and cultural exchange. Its integration into China’s Belt and Road Initiative could generate economic benefits, but political instability and weak infrastructure hinder progress. Resolution of both geopolitical hazards and development of suitable infrastructure networks is required for the Wakhan Corridor to be successfully included in worldwide supply chains. The research suggests boosting infrastructure and promoting international partnerships and proposes to conduct more research on the environmental and economic effects of corridor development projects. Humanity Publications International Trade Student, School of International Economics and Politics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics (JUFE) China. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-wakhan-corridor-historical-significance-economic-prospects-and-global-supply-chain-integration https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Family Ownership and Tunneling and Propping Effect in Nonfinancial Firms: Moderating Role of Corporate Governance Ulfat Sultana Sammar Abbas Zeeshan Zaib Family Ownership Tunneling Propping Corporate Governance Minority Shareholders Ownership Structure Family Business Groups Resource Allocation The moderating role of corporate governance (CG) on the association between family ownership (FO) and tunneling (TN) and propping (PR) behaviors of Pakistani family firms is tested. Using the data from the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) listed 326 firms in the period 2012-2022, the analysis adopts panel data regression method in order to quantify these links. The findings show that before moderation, FO has a significant positive influence on TN and a mixed effect on PR. Firm size, leverage, and growth appear as important other control variables for both types of behaviors. Furthermore, the introduction of CG as a moderator was confirmed to reduce the negative effects of FO on TN and to boost its positive effect on PR. This research stresses the need for strong governance controls to deter opportunistic behaviors in establishing transparency and enhancing agency theory for family firms in emerging markets. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Business Studies, Kohat University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business Studies, Kohat University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business Studies, Kohat University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/family-ownership-and-tunneling-and-propping-effect-in-nonfinancial-firms-moderating-role-of-corporate-governance https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Interplay of Oil and Gold Prices and the Stock Performance: An Empirical Evidence from KSE - 100 Index, Pakistan Ahmed Sameer Hidayat Ullah Khan Javed Anwar Oil Prices Gold Prices Stock Exchange Performance KSE-100 Pakistan This study unravels the link among oil and gold prices on the stock performance in terms of performance of prices of oil firms in the KSE-100. We employ an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework for the analysis of long-run and short-run association amongst oil and gold prices, oil companies’ stocks prices to analyze the stock market performance for a period from 1998 to 2021. The findings indicate that oil prices have a positive significant effect on the stock market performance, which suggests that a rise in the oil prices improves stock market performance. Conversely, increasing gold prices, inflation and gross capital formation negatively affect stock market and oil companies’ performance. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Science, Faculty of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/interplay-of-oil-and-gold-prices-and-the-stock-performance-an-empirical-evidence-from-kse-100-index-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Beyond HIPAA: Rethinking Health Data Governance in the Age of Machine Learning Ahmed Raza Shahzad Khalid Ali Nawaz Khan Health Data Governance; Machine Learning; Hipaa Reform; Algorithmic Accountability; Data Stewardship; Privacy-Sensitive AI With the spread of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector, the regulatory structures that currently dominate the field (particularly HIPAA law in the United States) have become unable to deal with emerging challenges and opportunities offered by health data utilization. This paper argues that the growing trend of predictive analytics and algorithmic evaluations needs governance models that go beyond the standard perimeter-centric and consent-based paradigm of HIPAA. By identifying key governance issues, such as algorithmic bias, data provenance, dynamic consent, federated learning architectures, and power asymmetries in the data ecosystems, the article suggests a multi-layered governance model, which should be based on the principles of accountability, fairness, transparency, data stewardship, and multi-stakeholder co-regulation. Along with the application of this model in clinical diagnostics, public health research, and business analytics, periodic reassessment of health data regulations is highly emphasized to protect health data privacy. Humanity Publications LLM Scholar, Pennsylvania State University, USA. Doctoral Researcher, Brunel University London, United Kingdom. Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/beyond-hipaa-rethinking-health-data-governance-in-the-age-of-machine-learning https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Role of Gender Diversity in Explaining Financial Distress: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach Fahim Ullah Khan Luqman Khan Financial Distress Gender Diversity Board characteristics The purpose of the paper is to examine how board gender diversity can be used to explain financial distress over the span of 9 years, from 2013 to 2021, using a sample of 58 non-financial companies listed publicly on the Pakistani equity market. The study employs the dynamic generalized method of moment estimator, using the Altman Z-score model as a proxy for financial distress, where a higher Z-score indicates lower distress. Findings reveal that gender diversity on boards improves board performance and protects firms from financial instability and bankruptcy. Female directors, both independent and insider, play a crucial role in reducing financial distress, and their effect strengthens with greater board independence. This research is the first study to analyze the association between gender diversity in boards and the probability of facing financial distress from the perspective of the emerging economy (Pakistan). Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Business Studies, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Ph.D Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Islamia College Peshawar, K, Pakistan. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/role-of-gender-diversity-in-explaining-financial-distress-a-dynamic-panel-data-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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From Blaming the Job to Self-Reflection: The Role of Personal Demands in Triggering the Health-Impairment Process of the Job Demands-Resources Theory Ahmad Usman Muhammad Zeeshan Hanif Personal Demands Job Demands Emotional Exhaustion Job Performance Health-Impairment JD-R Theory. This study examines the role of personal demands in the health-impairment process of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory. Personal demands, such as workaholism, self-criticism, and awfulizing, are internal pressures and maladaptive striving. Job demands such as cognitive, quantitative, and learning demands mediate the association between personal demands and emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between job demands and job performance, as measured at both the task and contextual levels. Data from 387 software developers support the serial mediation model, finding that high personal demands increase job demands, which in turn lead to emotional exhaustion. This emotional exhaustion negatively impacts performance. The results demonstrate that job demands and emotional exhaustion mediate the relationship between personal demands and performance in a unique sequence. This study extends JD-R theory by establishing the link between internal pressures and work strain, with implications for personal and organizational management. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/from-blaming-the-job-to-selfreflection-the-role-of-personal-demands-in-triggering-the-healthimpairment-process-of-the-job-demandsresources-theory https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Climate on the Brink: Transforming Fragility into Resilience under SDG 13 Ayesha Rafiq Qasim Ali Shah Pakistan SDG 13 Climate Vulnerability NDCs Renewable Energy Adaptation Loss and Damage Climate Finance. The trajectory of Pakistan to the Sustainable Development Goal 13-Climate Action is at the nexus of great vulnerability, limited resources, and increased policy aspiration. Although Pakistan emits less than 1 percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the world, it is one of the most climate-sensitive nations in the world and it still experiences recurrent shocks due to floods, heatwaves, and droughts. In 2022, the floods impacted approximately 33 million individuals, and the damages were over 30 billion dollars; however, in 2025, extreme monsoon events retested preparedness. This paper summarizes findings on the risks of climate change, policymaking, mitigation and adaptation strategies, finance instruments, and implementation limitations. It claims that Pakistan is progressing in a real but unequal way: the presence of enabling laws and renewed NDCs is a pointer of intent, nature-based programs have grown, and efforts made to manage the disaster risk have also increased. Humanity Publications Gold Medalist, Peace And Conflict Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD, Department of Developmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/climate-on-the-brink-transforming-fragility-into-resilience-under-sdg-13 https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Challenges and Paradoxes in Implementing Islamic Human Resource Management Practices: Cross-Country Evidence Liaqut Ali Ghulam Haider Muhammad Muzammil Islamic Human Resource Management Comparative Hrm Muslim Countries In this article, the authors analyzed the continuing disjuncture between Islamic norms and human resource management practices in Muslim-majority nations. Despite growing academic interest in Islamic Human Resource Management, application of this management concept is limited due to institutional, cultural, and organizational constraints. This study compares HRM practices across different Muslim countries based on a thematic review of previous studies. The discussion is based on HRM functions and identifies general and context-specific issues influencing their conformity with Islamic values. Results showed that power distance is high, regulatory enforcement is weak, reliance on informal networks, and dominance of Western HRM models still restrict the institutionalization of IHRM. The article also adds to the global body of HRM literature by bringing together scattered findings on IHRM application and by suggesting a way forward to future empirical study that would be appropriate in comparative inquiry of HRM. Humanity Publications Professor, Department of Business Administration, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Higher Education, Government of Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/challenges-and-paradoxes-in-implementing-islamic-human-resource-management-practices-crosscountry-evidence https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Contingent Effect of Platform Dependency on the Job Crafting-Work Engagement Link: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Gig Economy Rahim Ullah Ramsha Afzal Individual Crafting Resilience Meaningful Work Affective Commitment Cognitive Work Engagement The fast-growing gig economy has increased work flexibility but has also raised concerns about sustaining work engagement among gig workers. Digital labor platforms increasingly manage workers through algorithmic control and performance systems, which may limit worker agency and psychological ownership. Although job crafting is often viewed as a useful proactive behavior, little is known about the conditions under which it is most effective. This study addresses this gap by examining whether platform dependency shapes the relationship between job crafting and work engagement. Using survey data from 400 gig workers working on online labor platforms, we tested a moderated mediation model using structural equation modeling. Results show that job crafting promotes work engagement through a psychological mechanism, but this positive effect weakens when workers are highly dependent on a single platform. These findings extend the job demands resources theory to the gig economy and offer guidance for platform design. Humanity Publications Lecturer, MEW School of Leadership. Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-contingent-effect-of-platform-dependency-on-the-job-craftingwork-engagement-link-a-moderated-mediation-model-in-the-gig-economy https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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AI Modelling Revisiting Relationship Between Renewable Energy Financing and Environmental Degradation Rabia Akram Renewable Energy Financing Fuel-Based Energy Consumption Environmental Degradation Fes-Based Ai Modelling Renewable energy financing (RNEF) has turned into a major factor of sustainable development in response to the growing threat of climate change. In this paper, the effects of RNEF on the environmental degradation (END) in OECD countries during the first quarter of the year 2000 and the fourth quarter of 2024 using an advanced FES-based AI model will be analyzed. The overall conclusion is that the growth of RNEF significantly reduces END statistically as it reduces carbon emissions, which is one of the few aspects in this study that identifies the differences with other studies and contributes to the current literature. The findings offer some insights to the governments of the countries with resource-rich economies, in formulating the effective policies towards realizing the sustainable environmental goals. Humanity Publications College of Management Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Shandong, China. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/ai-modelling-revisiting-relationship-between-renewable-energy-financing-and-environmental-degradation https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Hidden Cost of Connectivity: Examining the Impact of Off-Hours Work-Related Social Media Usage on Employee Exhaustion through Work–Family Conflict Rimsha Zafran Rahim Ullah Work-Related Social Media Usage Off-Hours Digital Connectivity Job Demands–Resources Model Work–Family Conflict Employee Engagement Exhaustion Boundary Theory Digital Job Demands. The increasing digitalization of work has intensified expectations of constant employee availability, extending job demands beyond formal working hours through work-related social media use. Drawing on the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) model and Boundary Theory, this study examines the direct and indirect effects of off-hours work-related social media use on employee engagement and exhaustion, with work–family conflict as a mediating mechanism. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 430 lecturers and professors in public and private universities in Rawalpindi–Islamabad, Pakistan. Structural equation modeling using SmartPLS shows that off-hours work-related social media use is positively associated with both engagement and exhaustion, reflecting its dual motivational and strain-inducing role. Furthermore, work–family conflict partially mediates these relationships by weakening engagement and intensifying exhaustion. The findings underscore the need for organizations to manage “always-on” digital expectations to safeguard employee well-being. Humanity Publications Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, MEW School of Leadership. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-hidden-cost-of-connectivity-examining-the-impact-of-offhours-workrelated-social-media-usage-on-employee-exhaustion-through-workfamily-conflict https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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More Than Just a Post: Decoding the Journey from Authenticity to Advocay in Social Media Muhammad Asad Muhammad Hussain Rohan Khan Authenticity of Social Media Influencer Customer Attitude Positive Word-of-Mouth Social Exchange Theory. This study investigates how customer attitude mediates the relationship between social media influencer authenticity and positive word-of-mouth (WOM). A quantitative approach was adopted, informed by Social Exchange Theory (SET). A structured questionnaire was administered to 353 social media users aged 18–35 in Quetta. Analysis using SPSS and the PROCESS Macro indicates that influencer authenticity significantly shapes customer attitudes, thereby enhancing positive WOM. The findings confirm partial mediation, suggesting that authenticity not only directly influences WOM but also strengthens it through favourable attitudes. The study highlights that authenticity must translate into positive consumer perceptions to drive advocacy. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta. Baluchistan, Pakistan. Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) , Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta. Baluchistan, Pakistan. Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta. Baluchistan, Pakistan. 2025-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/more-than-just-a-post-decoding-the-journey-from-authenticity-to-advocay-in-social-media https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2025(X-IV).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 10, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Well-being-Attrition Link: Quantifying the Human Cost of Integration Stress; Evidence from Pakistan Adnan Tariq Imran Tariq Sohail Tariq Mergers and Acquisitions Employee Well-being Voluntary Turnover Conservation of Resources Theory Pakistan Mediation Analysis The research examines the vital role of employee well-being as a predictor of voluntary turnover in the post-merger and acquisition (M&A) context in the constantly changing business environment of Pakistan. The research is based on the tenets of the conservation of resources theory. A prospective research design was used, and data was gathered from 380 employees in three organizations in Pakistan operating in the banking and telecom sectors. The logistic regression analysis showed that pre-merger and post-merger well-being were significant negative predictors of turnover, controlling for job level, type, and financial incentives. It is important to mention that the proximal predictor had a stronger impact on post-merger well-being, and therefore, pre-merger well-being was made insignificant in the regression analysis. The findings of the mediation analysis supported that post-merger well-being completely mediated the relationship between pre-merger well-being and turnover, with well-being during the integration phase as a vital mechanism explaining post-merger turnover. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of Finance, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak-Unirazak, Malaysia. Research Scholar (PhD), Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Research Scholar (PhD), Lancaster University, UK. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-wellbeingattrition-link-quantifying-the-human-cost-of-integration-stress-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Integrated Policy Framework for Women-Led Social Entrepreneurship in Balochistan: Islamic Business and the Great Female Heritage, Hazrat Khadijah (RA) Khuram Shahzad Furqan ul Haq Siddiqui Lubaina Dawood Baig Women’s Entrepreneurship Social Entrepreneurship Balochistan Islamic Ethics Effectuation Mixed-Methods Policy Framework Structural Equation Modeling The research work offers a policy framework for female social entrepreneurs and nation builders in Balochistan. The gender imbalance and development needs of Balochistan demand findings that are meaningful, theory-based, and action plan-oriented, as indicated by research. The research used explanatory sequential mixed methods to meet these objectives. The researcher used the concept of Islamic business and the great female heritage, Hazrat Khadijah (RA), to create a motivation-based paradigm and decode the paradigm of causation, effectuation, and bricolage in the entrepreneurial paradigm. The multi-tiered policy model quantitative phase of the research work involved survey research with 280 stakeholders and the use of a structural equation model. The structural equation model facilitated the conceptual framework from foundation to development pipeline for women social entrepreneurs and dual empowerment outcomes for women's socio-economic empowerment, community-based social innovation, institutional support, and development. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Director BIC, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/an-integrated-policy-framework-for-womenled-social-entrepreneurship-in-balochistan-islamic-business-and-the-great-female-heritage-hazrat-khadijah-ra https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Learning & Market Orientations on Dynamic Capabilities: Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing Malik Muhammad Amer Knowledge Sharing Market Orientation Pharmaceuticals Industry Dynamic Capability Learning Orientation This research study has focused on dynamic capabilities and what are factors can help to increase these capabilities. This study has considered market and learning orientations as an important factor that may help to develop dynamic capabilities. The proposed hypothesis are tested using deductive approach and cross sectional research design. Data from 254 respondents are collected through a structured questionnaire using simple random sampling method. Reliability of the collected data is calculated using Cronbach alpha and hypothesis are tested using Process Macro model – 4 developed by Preacher & Hayes (2014). The correlation of the study showed that all variables are positively correlated with each other. The regression results showed that learning & market orientations has positive relationship with dynamic capabilities. Theoretically, this research will contribute in the literature of dynamic capabilities & knowledge sharing. Practically, this research is beneficial for the managers of pharmaceuticals industry. Humanity Publications MS (Management), Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-learning-market-orientations-on-dynamic-capabilities-mediating-role-of-knowledge-sharing- https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Relationship of Human Relations Climate and Perceived Organizational Support with Readiness to Change: Mediation of Participatory Leadership Rimsha Nadeem Shazia Akhtar Waseem Shamas Participatory Leadership Human Relations Climate Perceived Organizational Support Readiness to Change Social Exchange Theory System Thinking This paper analyzes connection among human relations climate, perceived organizational support and employee readiness to change mediated by participative leadership. The model is based on systems theory and social exchange theory and it perceives organizational factors as interrelated system wherein any alteration in one aspect will affect whole system. Relying on idea of systems thinking developed by Peter Senge, study brings up role of trust, communication and cooperation in human relations climate as they affect perception of organizational support among employees and eventually their readiness to welcome change. Participative leadership supports such relationships by encouraging employee participation in decision-making process and underlining two-way feedback between the employees and organization. Also, integrating design thinking would bring with it a human, empathetic and iterative problem-solving strategy towards organizational change. This study provides effective suggestions to organizations willing to promote enabling environments, participatory leadership, innovation and flexibility to support sustainable and efficient change. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Management Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS in Project Management (MSPM), Department of Management Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/the-relationship-of-human-relations-climate-and-perceived-organizational-support-with-readiness-to-change-mediation-of-participatory-leadership https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Sustainable Entrepreneurship as an Antecedent of Green Innovation in Emerging Economies: A Bibliometric and Integrative Review (2010–2025) Rao Usama Bin Nasir Ammara Akram Nasir Abbas Sustainable Entrepreneurship; Green Entrepreneurship; Green Innovation; Sustainable Development; Circular Economy; Bibliometric Analysis This study maps the intellectual structure and thematic evolution of sustainable entrepreneurship and green innovation research. Applying a bibliometric and integrative review to 270 Scopus-indexed articles (2010–2026), findings reveal rapid interdisciplinary expansion (22.28% annual growth). Thematic mapping identifies climate change and entrepreneurship increasingly integrating artificial intelligence as motor themes, while sustainable development provides the foundational framework. Green innovation emerges as a fast-growing frontier alongside the circular economy as a specialized niche. Co-citation analyses expose a dual intellectual foundation anchored in corporate sustainability theory and robust PLS-SEM methodology. Acknowledging limitations regarding Scopus exclusivity and citation-window effects, this review urges future research to enforce strict construct separation between entrepreneurship and innovation outcomes. By advocating for longitudinal designs to clarify causal ordering, this synthesis offers a consolidated roadmap for advancing theoretical development. Humanity Publications Brunel Business School, Brunel University London, United Kingdom (UK). Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakaria University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, College of Commerce, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/sustainable-entrepreneurship-as-an-antecedent-of-green-innovation-in-emerging-economies-a-bibliometric-and-integrative-review-20102025 https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Influence of Social Media Advertising On Consumer Behavior Shabana Yasmeen Nofal Ali Khan Azra Batool Sheraliyat Purchasing Decisions Personalized marketing Strategies Social media Consumer Behavior The study article examines how social media advertisements affect consumer behavior among youth in Pakistan through cross-sectional survey research. The research aims to investigate the influence of susceptibility to social media adverts on purchasing decision-making, brand attitudes, and job positions in young Pakistani customers. The articles are necessary because they include the influence of social media advertising on consumer decisions, the persuasiveness of advertising scope, the influence of similar persuasion, and the usefulness of target marketing plans. The management of data will be in the form of a structured survey questionnaire that will be administered to a typical sample of Pakistani youth. The determinations will deliver wisdom into the dynamics of social media advertising and its importance for customer conduct in the Pakistani context. This study helps in understanding how social media, promotion and customer demeanor converge in the ever developing digital geography. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department Of Media & Communication Studies Faculty Of Social Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department Of Media & Communication Studies Faculty Of Social Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department Of Media & Communication Studies Faculty Of Social Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/influence-of-social-media-advertising-on-consumer-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gmsrjournal.com:395964 2026-03-30 gmsr

Employee Perceptions of Generative AI Adoption and Its Influence on Employee Well-Being and Organizational Culture in the E-Commerce Retail Sector Iram Saba Rubab Tariq Saima Hassan E-Commerce Generative AI Employee Well-Being This cross-sectional study examines how Generative AI (GenAI) is influencing employee well-being and organizational culture. This study is set in Pakistan’s e-commerce retail sector, and the analysis covers the digital transformation era in the industry. By applying the Job Demands–Resources(JD-R) theory as a primary conceptual framework, the research analyzes how GenAI functions as a critical job resource that can improve productivity & reduce stress while having potential to introduce new technical challenges and demands. 385 respondents from Pakistani retail organizations participated in this study. The findings reveal that GenAI adoption has a positive impact on both employee well-being and organizational culture. Furthermore, the study identifies Organizational Culture is a mediator with approximately 41% of the total effect of GenAI adoption on well-being transmitted through a supportive and innovation-oriented culture. These results suggest that GenAI employee outcomes is dependent on an organizational environment that encourages adaptive behavior and continuous development. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate professor, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/employee-perceptions-of-generative-ai-adoption-and-its-influence-on-employee-wellbeing-and-organizational-culture-in-the-ecommerce-retail-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Generative AI Collaboration and Its Dual Impact on Productivity and Intrinsic Motivation: A Survey of Banking Professionals Sahar Shafi Saima Hassan Muhammad Bilal Chattha ChatGPT self-determination theory cross-sectional survey boredom perception The present study looks into the impact of collaboration with Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) on productivity and intrinsic motivation within the commercial banking industry of Pakistan. Although the use of GenAI in banking is prevalent in customer service, reporting, and risk assessment, the current study uses the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) framework to explore whether there exists any possible conflict between increased efficiency and psychological health. Based on quantitative cross-sectional approach, data were gathered from 150 banking employees using structured questionnaires. After analyzing the data with the help of SPSS and Hayes’ PROCESS Macro, it was found that use of GenAI positively influences the productivity of individuals. At the same time, GenAI reduces their level of intrinsic motivation by making them feel bored and limiting their autonomy over tasks. The most significant finding of study is that the feeling of boredom mediates the negative influence of GenAI on employees’ motivation. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Faculty of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E) Main Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E) Main Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Agronomy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/generative-ai-collaboration-and-its-dual-impact-on-productivity-and-intrinsic-motivation-a-survey-of-banking-professionals https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Organizational Behavior and Corporate Governance in Family-Owned Businesses: A Comparative Study Sajid Mushtaq Faiq Bin Azam Sharjeel Ahmed Agency Theory Corporate Governance Family-owned Firms Non-family Firms Organizational Behavior Stewardship Theory Succession Planning Family and non- family-owned businesses have significant differences with respect to governance, leadership and decision making. To explore the effects of ownership structure on the corporate governance using a mixed method. Descriptive statistical analysis and t-test was used to analyze data obtained from 420 respondents representing 60 firms. Qualitative insights emerged from semi-structured interviews to help understand the context of governance dynamics. Results show that non-family businesses have more explicit leadership, formalized governance, succession plan, and communication. Family businesses are characterized by high levels of loyalty and long-term perspective, as well as by their socioemotional involvement, but tend to struggle with aspects of meritocracy, centralized decision-making and informal governance structures. Study combines agency and stewardship theories to discuss the two sides of family ownership: socio-emotional value and governance weakness. Practical recommendations are around better governance, succession planning and formal decision making in family businesses. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Business Administration Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA, Supply Chain Management, Manager PDC at Al Kawthar University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Visiting Faculty, Bahria University Karachi Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/organizational-behavior-and-corporate-governance-in-familyowned-businesses-a-comparative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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How Digital Readiness Impacts Digital Entrepreneurial Readiness Behavior: An empirical investigation of GIG workers in Pakistan Haseeb Khan Khakwani Asif Yaseen Masood ul Hassan Digital Readiness Digital Entrepreneurial Readiness Behavior Digital Entrepreneurial Identity Digital Entrepreneurial Intention Digital Entrepreneurial Interest Digital Entrepreneurial Potential The gig economy in Pakistan has rapidly expanded, offering new opportunities for self-employment through digital platforms. Within this evolving landscape, digital readiness, the ability to effectively use digital tools, literacy, and communication technologies have become critical factors influencing entrepreneurial preparedness. This study examines the relationship between digital readiness and digital entrepreneurial readiness behavior (DERB), conceptualized as a higher-order construct comprising identity, intention, interest, and potential. Using data from gig workers in Pakistan, the study applies the two-step disjoint approach in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‑SEM) to validate the hierarchical relationship between readiness and entrepreneurial behavior. This study contributes theoretically by extending the discourse on digital entrepreneurship and, practically, by offering insights for policymakers, educators, and platform providers. Overall, the findings suggest that digital readiness plays a pivotal role in empowering gig workers to transition from digital labor to digital entrepreneurship, fostering innovation, and sustainable economic growth. Humanity Publications PhD scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor of Entrepreneurship, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor of Management, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/how-digital-readiness-impacts-digital-entrepreneurial-readiness-behavior-an-empirical-investigation-of-gig-workers-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Evaluating the Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms Using Complex DHS Data: Does Random Forest Outperform in Predicting Child Undernutrition in Pakistan? Muhammad Ali Yahya Ahmad Samama Salehien Shahzad Jahangir Prediction undernutrition machine learning Feature importance Pakistan Child undernutrition remains a critical public health challenge in Pakistan. This study evaluated five machine learning algorithms logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machines (SVM), and random forest (RF) to predict undernutrition among children under five using Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 data (n=4,098). Undernutrition prevalence was 44.2% using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure. Random Forest achieved superior predictive performance (AUC: 0.86, accuracy: 80.0%, F1: 0.85), outperforming SVM (0.81), logistic regression (0.79), LDA (0.78), and KNN (0.75). Additionally, RF-based feature importance found that the maternal BMI, household wealth, sanitation, and child age were key predictors. These findings confirm that random forest outperforms other algorithms, supporting its integration into health information systems for targeted interventions. Humanity Publications Bachelors of Artificial Intelligence, Department of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computing, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Bachelors of Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar (Development Studies Major in Health Economics), PIDE School of Policy, Development and Governance (PSPDG), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2026-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gmsrjournal.com/article/evaluating-the-performance-of-machine-learning-algorithms-using-complex-dhs-data-does-random-forest-outperform-in-predicting-child-undernutrition-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2026(XI-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Management Sciences Review Volume 11, Issue 1 Pakistan